A
Distillation
The process by which a solution is boiled and the vapor is then collected and condensed
Semipermeable
Allowing passage of some substances but not others
Polar molecule
A molecule with an uneven distribution of electrons, which results in slight electrical charges within the molecule
Residence time
The average amount of time a substance stays in a specific reservoir
Hydrologic cycle
The constant motion of water throughout the earth's hydrosphere
Heat capacity
List these reservoirs in terms of increasing residence time: A fast-flowing river, a lake, an ocean, and a slow-flowing river.
Fast-flowing river, slow-flowing river, lake, ocean
Diffusion
The movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration
Equilibrium
A state of balance between opposing actions
Osmosis
The movement of solvent molecules across a semipermeable barrier from an area of low solute concentration to one of high solute concentration
A metal paperclip floats on the surface of liquid A easily, while the same paperclip sinks in liquid B. If the density of the paper clip is significantly greater than the densities of both liquids, which liquid has the higher surface tension?
Liquid A
You compare the temperatures of several locations at the same latitude. Do you expect the summer temperatures to get higher or lower as you approach the ocean?
summer temperatures should get lower
What phase is most of the earth's surface freshwater found in?
You measure the concentration of a solute at two different places in a large container that holds a solution. There are no barriers of any kind in the solution. The concentrations you measure are different. If you measure them again a long time later, you expect the difference to decrease. Which process (diffusion of osmosis) do you expect to have happened?
diffusion
Bismuth freezes the way water does but lead freezes like most substances. You are given two densities for bismuth: 10.0g/mL and 9.8 g/mL. Which is for solid bismuth?
9.8 g/mL
Two objects have equal mass and temperature. You give them each the same amount of heat. The first becomes hotter than the second. Which has the higher heat capacity?
The second
What makes the earth appear blue when seen from space?
The water that covers its surface.
You have two solutions of different concentration separated by a semipermeable membrane. The concentration of solutes in the solution on the right is much higher than the concentration of the solutes on the left. What will happen to the volumes of the solutions over time because of osmosis?
The volume of the solution on the right will increase, the volume of the solution on the left will decrease
A molecule of water is a gas in the atmosphere. What are the hydrologic cycle steps that could happen to put it in the ocean as quickly as possible?
Condense into a cloud and then precipitate into the ocean (on land and then run into the ocean as surface runoff). It could also precipitate on the land, end up in a river, and flow into the ocean. It could also percolate into the soil, become part of the groundwater, and end up in the ocean.
List the following forms of water in order of increasing abundance in the hydrosphere: freshwater ice, freshwater liquid, and saltwater.
freshwater liquid, freshwater ice, saltwater
If a lake is salty, how can water leave it?
It can leave by evaporation.
You have three samples of a clear liquid water that are all in the midst of freezing. You are told that one is freshwater, one is saltwater, and the other is not water at all. Sample A is freezing at 2C, sample B is freezing at 0C, and sample C is freezing at -1C. Which sample is not water?
Sample A
A water molecule starts off in a cloud, precipitates on land, and ends up in the ocean, but it was never part of a lake, river, stream, or groundwater. How did it get there?
It must have gone into the ocean as surface runoff.
Your DNA is made of two helices that are held together with hydrogen bonds. Is DNA polar or nonpolar?
polar
Suppose you had a layer of saltwater and a layer of freshwater in the same container. Before they mixed together, which would be on top.
The freshwater