Chapter 11
Problem solving?
Used when you want to reach a certain goal, but the solution is not immediately obvious.
Symbols?
Solve problems by translating words into symbols.
Analogy Approach?
Use solution from similar problem in past
Initial state?
the situation at the beginning of the problem
Matrix?
chart showing all possible combinations of items
Means-end Heuristic?
Identify the "ends" you want and then figure out the "means" to reach them
Goal state?
when you solve the problem.
Hierarchical tree diagram?
A figure that uses a tree-like structure to show various possible options in a problem
Hill-Climbing Heuristic
Chooses the alternative that seems to lead most quickly toward your goals state.
Obstacles?
restrictions that make it difficult to go from the initial to the goal state.
Graphs?
A type of diagram that is also a good visual representations of problems
Problems isomorphs?
A set of problems that have the same underlying structures and solutions but different details
Thinking ?
cognitive process of going beyond the information you were given, so you can reach a goal.
Situated cognition approach?
use information in our immediate enviorment to create spatial representations.
Bottom-up processing?
Emphasizes stimulus information