Signal
A type of signaling molecule that binds to a receptor on the cell surface.
Ligand
When ligands alter the structure of their receptors, it causes this.
What is a conformational change?
The process by which a signal is amplified within a cell
Signal Transduction
Stage of cell signaling that triggers a specific response.
Multimeric proteins located in the plasma membrane.
What are Ion Channel Receptors
Large relay proteins that are attached to other relay proteins, increasing the efficiency of signal transduction
Scaffolding Proteins
These are receptors found in the plasma membrane onto which extracellular signals bind.
What are Cell Surface Receptors?
The name of a molecule that relays a signal from a receptor to a target molecule within a cell
Second Messenger
The response at the end of a pathway may occur in these two places.
What are the nucleus of the cell or cytoplasm.
Ion Channels have the ability to respond to which signals?
What are chemical and mechanical signals?
This type of cell signaling involves cells releasing signals that affect nearby cells.
Paracrine Signaling
Ligands bind to these types of receptors, which opens a channel and allows the flow of ions through the membrane, changing the concentration of ions within the cell.
What are ligand-gated ion channels?
The process by which a signal is transmitted from the cell surface to the nucleus
Signal Transduction Pathway
Enzyme cascades cause a cell's response to a signal to much greater than it initially was
Signal Amplification
Ion Channel Receptors are open for...?
In *blank* signaling, a cell secretes signaling molecules that bind receptors on its own cell surface or on neighboring cells at the same time, stimulating a response. In another type of signaling called *blank* signaling, a specific cell secretes a signaling molecule that does not affect itself but instead influences the behavior of target cells in close proximity.
What are autocrine and paracrine?
The type of receptor that spans the cell membrane and directly affects intracellular processes
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
A signal molecule transduces a signal by triggering a chain of activation/deactivation of protein kinases
Phosphorylation cascade
Cells that are infected, damaged, or at the end of their lifespan undergo programmed cell death, also known as what?
What is apoptosis.
The three main types of ion channel receptors
Ligand-gated, voltage-gated, and mechanically-gated.
This type of signaling occurs over relatively long distances and utilizes molecules called hormones.
What is endocrine signaling?
These receptors contain seven transmembrane segments that wind back and forth through the plasma membrane; they interact with G proteins.
What are G-protein-coupled-receptors (GCPRs)?
A common second messenger made from ATP that is involved in many signaling pathways
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
beep boop ___
What is bop?
When Ion Channel Receptors enter the resting state they are...?
What is Unresponsive to activation signals for a short period of time.