Problems
What is Problem Solving ?
The processes used to reach a specified goal for which the solution is not immediately obvious. Either important information is missing and/or it is unclear how to reach the goal.
What is Context in problem solving?
understanding and considering the surrounding circumstances and specific context of a problem when seeking solutions, rather than just focusing on the problem itself
Bottom-up Processing & example ?
The kind of cognitive processing that emphasizes stimulus characteristics in object recognition and other cognitive tasks.
- example, hearing a specific sound (like a bird chirping) and, without any prior knowledge or context, you perceive it as a bird's sound based solely on the sensory input.
What is creativity?
In problem solving, finding solutions that are both novel and useful
What is problem representation?
In problem solving, the process of translating the elements of a problem into a different format. Choosing an appropriate representation makes an effective solution to the problem more likely.
Define Situated and Embodied cognition Approach?
Situated Cognition Approach? The underlying core of a problem that must be understood in order to solve the problem correctly
Embodied Cognition Approach? The proposal that people often use their own bodies and motor actions in order to express their abstract thoughts and knowledge.
The kind of cognitive processing that emphasizes the importance of concepts, expectations, and memory in object recognition and other cognitive tasks.
Example, you can still understand a word where some letters are missing, based on context and prior knowledge
Divergent Production?
A measure of creativity that emphasizes the number of different responses made to a test item.
What are the methods of representing the problem?
Symbols = represent an abstract problem is by using symbols, as you learned to do in high school algebra
Matrices= grid consisting of rows and columns; it shows all possible combinations of items
Diagrams= diagram is a visual, often schematic, representation that helps to understand and solve a problem by showing the elements and their relationships in a simplified and easily understandable way.
What is Algorithm?
A method that will always produce a solution to the problem, although the process can sometimes be inefficient.
Expertise Definition?
A person’s impressive memory abilities or this person’s consistently exceptional performance on representative tasks in a particular area.
Extrinsic Motivation?
The motivation to work on a task—not because it is enjoyable—but in order to earn a promised reward or to win a competition.
Problem Isomorphs ?
A set of problems that have the same underlying structures and solutions but different specific details.
What is it Heuristic ?
A general rule or problem-solving strategy that usually produces a correct solution; however, it can sometimes lead to cognitive errors
Parallel vs Serial processing ?
Parallel Processing: A type of cognitive processing in which a person performs many operations simultaneously.
Seriel Processing: A type of cognitive processing in which a person performs operations one item at a time, rather than simultaneously.
Define Intrinsic Motivation ?
The motivation to work on a task for its own sake, because it is interesting, exciting, or personally challenging
What are the definitions of Surface and Structural Features?
Surface Features: In problem solving, the specific objects and terms used in the question.
Structural Features: The underlying core of a problem that must be understood in order to solve the problem correctly. Often contrasted with the surface features of a problem.
Define means-end heuristic ? What does means and end signify in the name?
An approach to problem solving that consists of two important components: (1) dividing the problem into a number of subproblems, and (2) reducing the difference between the initial state and the goal state for each of the subproblems.
The name means-ends heuristic is appropriate because it requires identifying the “ends” desired and then figuring out the “means” or methods to reach those ends.
Insight vs non-insight problems?
Insight Problem: The problem-solving situation in which a problem initially seems impossible to solve, but then an alternative approach suddenly bursts into consciousness. The problem solver immediately realizes that the new solution is correct.
non-insight problem:A problem that a person solves gradually, by using memory, reasoning skills, and a routine set of strategies
Self-efficacy and Perseverance Definition?
Self-efficacy: The belief that one has the ability to organize and carry out a specific task
Perseverance: The ability to keep working on a task, even when obstacles are encountered