Ch. 11 Vocab
Large scale evolution that takes place over thousands and millions of years.
Macroevolution
Two or more organisms that evolve together because they depend on a relationship with each other.
The remains, impression, or trace of an organism that once lived
Fossil
Give an example of macroevolution
Humans, dogs, whales
Small scale evolution that is observable. Takes place over hours, days or years.
Microevolution
Process by which individuals with advantageous inherited characteristics for a particular environment survive and reproduce at a higher rate that do individuals with other, less useful characteristics
Natural Selection
Nonfunctional structures that were passed down from an ancestor
Vestigial Traits
Give an example of microevolution
This principle that states that genetic variation in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of disturbing factors. Mating is random in large populations.
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
When species share characteristics because of convergent evolution and not because of modification by descent from a recent common ancestor, those characteristics are called
Analogous Traits
The study of how organisms are distributed geographically
Biogeography
Give an example of Coevolution
Flowers and Bees
Change in the sequence of any segment of DNA in an organism and is the only way in which new alleles are generated.
Mutations
In this type of evolution, organisms that appear very much alike despite vastly dissimilar genetics.
Convergent Evolution
The study of embryos and their development
Embryology
Give an example of Convergent Evolution
Sharks and Dolphins
The process by which bacteria pass genes to one another
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Most common pattern of natural selection.
Individual at one extreme of an inherited phenotypic trait have an advantage over other individuals in the population
Directional Selection
A group of the same species with the ability to evolve over time
Population
Give an example of Directional Selection
Peppered Moths
An exchange of alleles between populations; Occurs when gametes move from one population to another
Gene Flow
Individuals with intermediate values of an inherited phenotypic trait have an advantage over other individuals in the population.
Stabilizing Selection
A change in a population’s inherited traits over generations
Evolution
Give an example of Stabilizing Selection
Nature selects a trait that increases an individual’s chance of mating even if that trait decreases the individual’s chance of survival.
Sexual Selection
Individuals with either extreme of an inherited trait have an advantage over individuals with an intermediate phenotype.
Disruptive Selection
Any similarity due to shared ancestry
Homology
Give an example of Disruptive Selection
Bird Beak Size; African seed crackers
Species whose males and females are different in appearance.
Ex: peacocks lions, ducks, humans
Sexual Dimorphism
Of the three patterns of natural selection presented, which one always results in two different phenotypes left standing?
Disruptive Selection
The change in the genetic makeup of a population due to a random chance event
Genetic Drift
Give an example of Genetic Bottleneck and Founder Effect
Bottleneck: Crayfish, Beatles, Florida Panthers
Founder Effect: Seeds Dispersed, Dutch Settlers
List the Assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
No Mutation
No Migration
Large Population
Random Mating