Cell Cycle
Purpose of cell division signals
What is telling the cell to divide (internal or external)?
Organelles that organize the microtubules in animal cells
What are centrosomes?
Meiosis purpose
What is gamete production for use in sexual reproduction?
Phenotype
What is observable properties of an individual resulting from both genetic and environmental factors?
Allele present in most of the population
What is wild type?
Four main cell division events in all organisms
What is cell division signals, DNA replication, DNA segregation, and cytokinesis?
Specialized structures called kinetochores develop in the centromere region, one on each chromosome.
What is the location for spindles (kinetochore microtubules) to attach during prometaphase?
The number of chromosomes at the end of mitosis and meiosis I and II
What is diploid and haploid?
Mendel's two laws of inheritance
What is Law of Segregation and Independent Assortment?
Both alleles are expressed versus neither allele is favored over the other
What is codominance versus incomplete dominance?
Binary Fission
What is the reproduction of an entire single-celled organism?
The steps of mitosis in order of occurrence.
What is Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase?
Recombinant chromatids
What is chromosomes after crossing over, the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids in Prometaphase I?
The two different types of gene forms
What is homozygous (RR/rr) and heterozygous (Rr)?
Qualitative phenotype and quantitative phenotype
What is something observed (ex. color of leaves) and something that is measured with units (ex. true size)?
The cell cycle has 2 major distinctions: one is M phase and the other is Interphase. Interphase includes:
What is G1phase, S phase, and G2 phase and can have G0 phase?
The separation of sister chromatids during anaphase happens due to:
What is M phase cyclin-Cdk activating APC (anaphase-promoting complex) which in turn activates separase and separase hydrolyzes cohesins that hold the chromosome together?
Daughter cells need to be haploid because:
What is fertilization, the combination of two haploid cells to result in a zygote with the correct number of chromosomes?
One parent has alleles Rr and the other parent has the alleles rr: The resulting Punnett Square and ratio
What is Rr Rr
rr rr
2:2
Epistasis in Labrador coats
What is allele E must be present for a Lab's coat to be brown even if the B allele is present?
The relationship between the cell division events of DNA replication and segregation and the eukaryotic cell cycle phases.
What is G1-to-S transition: commitment to DNA replication; S phase: DNA replicates and remains together through G2 until Mitosis, DNA segregation?
The process of Cytokinesis in animals and in plants
What is the pinching off of the cell membrane by a ring of microfilaments in animals and plants and for plants only: cell wall formation by fusion of vesicles from the Golgi apparatus along the plane of cell division?
The difference between Metaphase I and Metaphase II
What is homologous chromosomes line up on opposite sides of the metaphase plate vs. centromeres of sister chromatids line up across the metaphase plate of each cell?
Monohybrid cross vs. Dihybrid cross
What is the cross of true-breeding species differing in one characteristic versus differing in two characteristics?
Males are affected more often by mutations in certain genes because
What is females have a higher chance of a correct allele covering up the mutated allele on the X chromosome while men do not?