Conditional Reasoning
Describes relationship between conditions
Conditional reasoning task
When people make judgments based on prior beliefs and general knowledge, rather than on the rules of logic
Belief-bias effect
A general strategy that usually works well
Heuristic
Assessing information and choosing between two or more alternatives
Decision making
The type of reasoning that begins with some specific premises that are assumed to be true. Next one judges whether those premises allow a particular conclusion to be drawn, based on the principle of logic.
Deductive reasoning
System for categorizing the four kinds of reasoning used in analyzing propositions or statements
Propositional calculus
When people try to confirm or support a hypothesis than try to disprove it
Confirmation bias
A general rule in decision making that people use when trying to decide which outcome would be more likely. People who use this heuristic make judgements in terms of the similarity between the sample and the population from which the sample was selected.
Representativeness heuristic
Paying too little attention to important information about base rate
Base-rate fallacy
Two statements that we must assume to be true, plus a conclusion
Syllogism
The first proposition or statement; "...if" part of the sentence
Antecedent
Fast and automatic cognitive processing used during depth perception, recognition of facial features and automatic stereotyping
Type 1 processing
In decision making, beginning with a first approximation, which serves as an anchor, and then making adjustments to that anchor, based on additional information.
Anchoring and adjustment heuristic
When people believe that two variables are statistically related, even though there is no actual evidence for this relationship.
Stereotypes can be traced to our normal cognitive processes
Social cognition approach
The fallacy (or error) of saying that the "then..." part of the sentence is true
Affirming the consequent
When someone believes they have insomnia, they overestimate how long it takes them to fall asleep. Which kind of bias does this describe?
Confirmation bias
When you must compare the relative frequency of two categories; if you recognize one category, but not the other, you conclude that the recognized category has the higher frequency.
Recognition heuristic
Assuming a small sample will be representative of the population from which it is selected
Small-sample fallacy
The range within which we expect a number to fall a certain percentage of the time
Confidence interval
Saying the "then..." part of the sentence is false, leading to a correct conclusion
Denying the consequent
Slow and controlled cognitive processing requiring focused attention and is typically more accurate
Type 2 processing
Estimating frequency or probability in terms of how easy it is to think of relevant examples of something
Availability heuristic
How people create a wide variety of heuristics to help themselves make useful, adaptive decisions in the real world.
Ecological rationality
The outcome of your decision can be influenced by the background context of the choice and the way in which a question is worded, or framed.
Framing effect