Types of Reasoning
What type of reasoning involves drawing a conclusion from general premises that are assumed to be true?
What is deductive reasoning?
What heuristic involves making a decision based on how easily examples come to mind?
What is the availability heuristic?
Which fallacy occurs when people believe that a conclusion must be valid just because it aligns with their prior beliefs, despite flawed reasoning?
What is belief-bias?
What is the name for the concept that people tend to make decisions based on how easily an example comes to mind, even if it leads to incorrect judgments?
What is the availability heuristic?
In deductive reasoning, what is the term for when a conclusion is logically valid but is still based on false or invalid premises?
What is invalid syllogism?
In a syllogism, what is the term for the conclusion that follows logically from the premises?
What is the inferential conclusion?
What bias occurs when people base their judgment on how similar something is to a prototype, ignoring relevant statistical information?
What is the representativeness heuristic?
What fallacy involves assuming that just because two events are correlated, one causes the other?
What is the correlation-causation fallacy?
What kind of decision-making involves choosing between options based on a specific set of criteria, rather than on general feelings or impressions?
What is rational decision-making?
If you assume that just because an argument has a logical structure, the conclusion must be true, you are likely falling into which error?
What is logical fallacy?
The statement “If it rains, the grass is wet. It is raining. Therefore, the grass is wet” is an example of which form of reasoning?
What is modus ponens (affirming the antecedent)?
What is the term for the decision-making bias that happens when people rely too heavily on an initial piece of information (anchor) and adjust insufficiently from there?
What is anchoring and adjustment?
What fallacy happens when a conclusion is drawn based on too small or unrepresentative a sample?
What is the sampling bias?
According to ecological rationality, why do heuristics work well in some real-world environments?
Heuristics are adaptive to the environment and allow fast, efficient decisions based on limited information.
What is the term for the error made when people conclude that a statement is false simply because the premise is false, even if the logic holds?
What is denying the antecedent?
In deductive reasoning, what do we call reasoning where a conclusion does not necessarily follow from the premises, but seems valid based on prior belief or assumption?
What is inductive reasoning?
In decision-making, what bias involves interpreting new evidence in a way that confirms pre-existing beliefs or hypotheses?
What is confirmation bias?
What is the logical fallacy where a statement is assumed to be true because it has not been proven false, or vice versa?
What is the argument from ignorance?
What decision-making bias involves relying too much on initial information or anchors when making estimates or judgments?
What is anchoring?
What reasoning error involves assuming that the presence of a characteristic in one group makes it likely to be present in another group, even if statistical evidence doesn’t support this?
What is the conjunction fallacy?
What is the reasoning error called when people incorrectly assume that a conclusion must be valid just because the premises are true, even if the logic doesn’t support it?
What is the belief-bias effect?
The tendency for people to believe that after an event has occurred, they could have predicted it all along is called what?
What is hindsight bias?
What is the fallacy where an argument presents two extreme options as the only possibilities, when in fact other alternatives exist?
What is the false dilemma fallacy?
What approach to decision-making suggests that in complex, uncertain environments, adaptive heuristics can lead to better decisions than using complex algorithms?
What is ecological rationality?
What logical error happens when people wrongly affirm the consequent in a syllogism?
What is affirming the consequent?