The Big Picture
When Judea was a part of the Greek empire what elements of Greek culture did the jews integrate?
Greek language, names, clothing style, and concepts of beauty
Who made the first Reform Temple?
Israel Jacobson, the Father of Reform
Why was the Reform Movement moving too quickly for some Jews?
They supported the principle of change over time.
The Reformers backed the elimination of Hebrew with the Land of Israel
Those Jews believed that the association of Hebrew with the Land of Israel defined Judaism as a national rather than universal religion.
Who was Moses Sofer?
He was a highly respected congregational rabbi. Moses believed Judaism didn’t need modernization and rejected change. (Ultra Orthodox)
What was the Pale of Settlement?
The Pale of Settlement was the area where all Jews had to live. A line was drawn by Russian leaders around a part of the world that had once been Poland and that became the Jewish settlement.
How many Jewish men became beggars or thieves?
About 20%
Which two Rabbis helped create Reform Judaism
Samuel Holdheim and Abraham Geiger.
Who was Rabbi Zechariah Frankel?
He was a moderator who thought Hebrew united the world of Jewry. He didn’t care about Judaism being the political state in Israel. He didn’t want the culture to be discarded completely.
Frankel’s followers broke from the Reform movement and began the Conservative movement. Frankel agreed that Judaism should evolve, he just believed it should change gradually, based on historical research.
Who was Samson Raphael Hirsch/ what did he believe?
Samson Raphael Hirsch was the leader of the neo-Orthodox. He supported Jewish emancipation and encouraged his followers to follow a secular education. However, he rejected the idea that halachah and Jewish rituals changed over time. He believed the Torah and its laws were revealed on Sinai.
What did the czars hope the Jews would do? How did they hope to do this?
The czars hoped the Jews would assimilate into Russian society and lose their connection to Judaism. They drafted Jewish boys and men into the army because during their long years of service they would not observe their religion. They were often pressured to convert to Christianity.
What were ways that the jews could become higher in social status?
Some were involved in trade and commerce, working as shopkeepers, merchants, and bankers.
What did they (The two Rabbis) believe?
Holdheim wanted to do away with all Jewish laws and traditions that separated jews from non-jews. Geiger believed the Torah was written by humans and that Judaism had adapted to the needs of the jews, and believed that social justice was very important.
What was the Conservative Movement?
The Conservative Movement was a movement people created to maintain Judaism and save it from the reformers. They retained Hebrew in their synagogue services, along with prayers for the Messiah and the rebuilding of Zion.
Which elements of Judaism did the Orthodox preserve?
food laws, ritual bathing, strict community structure, and tradition-based law
Who were Chappers?
Chappers were agents that the Kehillah used to fill community requirements. They kidnapped children to enlist in place of the privileged children