Nervous System
The Central Nervous system is composed of _______ and ________.
Brain and Spinal Cord
These neurons are the most abundant type in the human body (making up over 99% of all neurons) and serve as motor neurons and interneurons in the brain and spinal cord.
Multipolar Neurons
These neuroglia are found within the PNS
Satellite Cells and Schwann Cells
How is the sodium-potassium pump classified in terms of cellular transport mechanisms?
Active Transport (It goes against the concentration gradient and requires ATP)
True or False: A stimulus either fails to reach the threshold or triggers a full action potential; there are no "weak" or "strong" action potentials. The frequency of the impulses encodes the stimulus intensity.
True this is referred to as the " All or None Principle"
________transmit rapid, direct point-to-point signals across synapses
Neurotransmitters
The Peripheral Nervous System consist of ___________.
All the nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of your body, including your arms, legs, and internal organs.
These neurons have two processes: exactly one axon and one dendrite extending from opposite sides of the cell body.
Bipolar Neurons
These neuroglia are resident immune cells of the brain; they protect the central nervous system by engulfing cellular debris, microbes, and damaged cells.
Microglia
How many sodium ions are pumped out of the cell?
3
Within this phase a resting neuron has a negative internal charge, typically around -70mV compared to the outside
Resting State
There are two types of Neurotransmitters. __________increases the likelihood that the receiving neuron will fire an electrical signal, promoting action.
Excitatory Neurotransmitters:
This part of the PNS regulates involuntary functions, things your body does without conscious thought, like digestion, blood pressure, and heart rate.
Autonomic Nervous System
A standard neuron is composed like a tree and has four main parts this is the long, cable-like projection that carries electrical impulses (action potentials) away from the cell body to other cells.
Axon
These are star-shaped cells that regulate the blood-brain barrier, supply nutrients to neurons, and maintain the chemical balance of the extracellular space. Repair damaged nervous tissue.
Astrocytes
2 Potassium ions
When a stimulus is strong enough, it makes the inside of the cell less negative. If the voltage reaches a critical threshold around -55mV the neuron fires.
_______ and _______Increases alertness and arousal, playing a major role in the body's "fight or flight" stress response.
Norepinephrine + Epinephrine
The Somatic Nervous System, which controls voluntary movement and sensory information is divided into two primary pathways ________ and _________.
Afferent (sensory) and Efferent (motor).
These neurons make up most of the sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system, which transmit touch, pain, and temperature signals
Unipolar Neurons
These are found within the CNS and are ciliated cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, helping to produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
Ependymal Cells
What are the 2 main functions of the Sodium Potassium pump?
1. Energy for the body (muscles and nerves) 2. Removes acid from the body
Within this phase Potassium ions flow out of the cell, which restores the negative charge inside
_______ are slower onset; effects can last seconds, minutes, or hours.
Neuromodulators
The __________ controls your "fight-or-flight" response, mobilizing the body for action. and The _________manages "rest-and-digest" functions, which conserve energy and promote recovery.
Sympathetic system and Parasympathetic system
These neurons are are primarily found in the brain and retina, assisting in visual processes.
Anaxonic Neurons
These cells are responsible for wrapping axons in a myelin sheath, which insulates nerve fibers and drastically increases the speed of electrical impulses.
Oligodendrocytes
Where does the Sodium Potassium Pump take place in the cell?
Impulses travel much faster in myelinated axons because the signal "jumps" between gaps in the
Myelin sheath (Nodes of Ranvier)
______is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, essential for cognitive functions like learning and memory.
Glutamate