Structure & Agency
A form of sociology that focuses on analysing society in terms of its institutional relationships and their effect on individual beliefs and behaviours.
Structuralist
Give one example of a positive sanction.
Any of: smiling, praise, encouragement, gifts
What term describes a set of beliefs whose purpose is to explain how society works or should work?
Ideology
What term describes behaviour that breaks the norms or values of a group?
Deviance
Which perspective argues that order is created “from the bottom up” through everyday interaction, rather than imposed by social structures?
Interactionism
What term describes people having control over their own choices, rather than their behaviour being decided by outside forces?
Agency
When a person acts in ways that go against the norms and values of society
Non-conformity
Name Weber's two types of power.
Force (coercive power) and consensual power (authority)
Name two of Miller's six concerns of working-class subculture.
Any two of: trouble, toughness, smartness, excitement, fate, autonomy
Which sociologist wrote about the relationship between the economic “base” and the political/ideological “superstructure”?
Karl Marx
Name the two main theories that share a structuralist (macrosociological) perspective.
Functionalism and Marxism
Name the two basic forms of social control.
Formal and informal
Name one of Weber's three types of authority.
Charismatic, traditional, or rational/legal (any one)
What term describes a group being pushed to the economic and political fringes of society?
Marginalisation
Which sociologist identified four functional prerequisites — goal maintenance, adaptation, integration, and latency?
Talcott Parsons
Which sociologist developed the theory of structuration?
Anthony Giddens
Name 2 out of the 3 motivations for action according to Weber.
Affective, Traditional, or rational
Which sociologist argued that power in modern societies is “opaque” and linked to surveillance?
Michel Foucault
What term describes lacking the values and attitudes (like deferred gratification) that lead to success?
Cultural deprivation
Which sociologist identified six features of working-class subculture, including trouble and toughness?
Walter Miller
Which sociologist argued that “subjective meanings give rise to an apparently objective social world”?
Alfred Schutz
Which sociologist criticized the “over-socialised conception of man”?
Dennis Wrong
Which sociologist described “ideological state apparatuses” such as education and the media?
Louis Althusser
Which sociologist conducted an ethnographic study of the Goth subculture?
Paul Hodkinson
Which sociologist demonstrated how fragile social order is by disrupting people's everyday routines?
Harold Garfinkel