Groups Groups Groups
What is out group homogeneity effect?
the tendency to view outgroup members as less varied than ingroup members
What is normative influence?
what occurs when people go along with the crowd to fit in and to avoid looking foolish
What is obedience?
Following the orders of of a person or authority
What is the Sherif's Study?
The study of competition, and if possible, how to reduce hostility and aggression between two different groups
What are prosocial behaviors?
Actions that benefit others, such as doing favors or helping
What is the difference between group think, normative influence, and informational influence?
Groupthink- the tendency for a group to make a bad decision due to the stress of maintaining the group and its cohesiveness
Normative Influence- fitting in with the crowd, in an attempt to to look NORMAL and not stand out
Informational Influence- Looking to others to find out INFORMATION on how to act or respond
What is informational influence?
occurs when there is uncertainty or ambiguity about what is correct, appropriate or expected, so people look to other people for cues about how to respond
What is compliance?
the tendency to agree to do things requested by others
What is Phase 1 of Sherif's Study?
The two summer camp of boys are pit against each other as competition
What is altruism?
Providing help when it is needed, without any apparent reward for doing so
What conditions must be met for humans to form groups and favor ingroups over outgroups?
Even meaningless assignment to groups can produce ingroup favoritism. Ingroup and outgroup differentiation is intensified when reprocity and transitivity are present
What is conformity?
the altering of one's behaviors and opinions to match those of other people or to match other people's expectations
Milgram's Experiment was created due to what horrible global event that occurred?
The Holocaust
What is Phase 2 of Sherif's Study?
The two groups had to work together to achieve a common goal
What is the bystander intervention effect?
the failure to offer help by those who observe someone in need when other people are present
How does social facilitation differ from social loafing?
In social facilitation, the presence of others generally enhances performance. In social loafing, the presence of others detracts from performance
Priya cheers at a sports game because everyone else is cheering and she wants to avoid looking unsupportive. Does this behavior represent normative or informational influence
Normative Influence because she is adhering to social norms with the intent of avoiding negative social reactions
Which variations in Milgram's obedience studies reduce the likelihood that participants obeyed the experimenter's orders?
Obedience declined when participants could see or touch the person they were supposed to shock and when the experimenter was not physically present when giving orders
What are the critiques of this study
-When replicated the results were not consistent. In one study where the counselors were involved in dividing the teams, this bonded the teams further, and sometimes with cooperation, smaller sub groups would form against each other
If you are in danger and need assistance in a crowded place, what can you do to improve the likelihood of bystander intervention?
Communicate that you are in danger to reduce the ambiguity of the situation, and recruit specific individuals to help you reduce the diffusion of responsibility and anonymity
Dazzle gets assigned into a group project, and decides that he will let his group members: Ashley, Lana, and Nada do all the work. This is an example of
Social Loafing
Talking to someone who has headphones in might earn you some side eye looks. This may be due to a violation of
social norms
Dazzle is told by her principal she cannot protest finals on school grounds, or risk expulsion. What factors can influence Rachel to have reduced obedience
- If the threat is not made in person
-If she is in direct contact with students who would be negatively affected by finals if they took place
What is the key to reducing hostility between competitive groups?
opportunities for cooperation between groups to achieve superordinate goals
Dazzle is a lifeguard, and she encounters a child with a cracked head. How can she ensure that the gawking crowd can help?
Assign someone to get first aid, someone to look for his mother or father, and someone to call 911.