chapter 9
"Th" is an example of what?
phoneme
What is functional fixedness?
tendency to assign fix functions to an object, which prevents us from looking at an object in a different way that could help us solve the problem.
What is the small example fallacy?
we think that a small sample, would represent a population as good as a larger sample.
what are pragmatic?
social rules, or world knowledge that help us communicate with others.
what is over extension?
using words to refer to objects, in addition to what is good and appropriate.
example: using the word kitty to describe all furry animals.
What is incremental interpretation?
we make judgements about what we think a sentence means before hearing the full sentence
What is mental set?
Using the same methods you used to solve problems in the past, even thought you could solve the new problem using a different easier method to solve it.
What is the belief bias effect?
When people make judgments based on previous beliefs or general knowledge, rather than the rules of logic.
For example: if my finger is cut, then it bleeds. Therefore if my finger is bleeding, it is cut.
what is fast mapping?
you use context to make reasonable guesses about a words meaning. Usually occurs after one or two exposures to a word.
children typically add ED to the past test of words, but they have also learn the past tenses of a small irregular words. What theory is the above text consistent with?
Rule and memory theory
describes what happens when they have wernicke's aphasia.
trouble understanding speech, even simple instructions. Also trouble with speech production (wordy and confuse.)
Cant understanding things like: point somewhere or touch your nose.
how does using visual images help with problem solving?
visual images often allow problems solvers to select non traditional solutions to problems, they allow them to scape the boundaries of concrete problem representation.
What is the conjunction fallacy?
when we judge the probability of conjoin events to be greater, than the probability of just a single event.
what is utilization deficiency?
you are not utilizing your memory strategies effectively.
You know what the strategy is but cant or do not know how to implemented.
What is the representativeness heuristic?
we judge that is sample is likely if it is similar to the populations from where it was extracted.
Example: what is more likely to happen, for example, is one person representative of the other 100 in their group
what is the cognitive functional approach?
the function of human language in every day life is to communicate meaning to others and cognitive function is intertwined with language productions and production.
What is the hill climbing heuristic and what is one disadvantage of it?
When you reach a choice points, you choose the alternative that seems to lead you in the quickest direction to your goal.
Disadvantage: you are unable to predict all the future options available options. You may choose the path that seems like a good thing now but is not so good in the long run. Instead than the more direct and long path that leads to long term benefits.
what is the recognition heuristic and what is the accuracy of your decision with this strategy.
if you recognize and option but not the other, then you conclude that it occurs more frequently because you recognize.
this heuristic usually leads to an accurate answer.
when and on what test would the elderly perform the best?
They would perform better in the morning, and on implicit memory tasks.
Why is English more challenging that other languages?
The English language has more irregular pronunciations than other countries.
Example: in Spanish the letter p will always sound the same. But the p in phone does not sound the same as the p in plane.
What is the constructivist view of inferences, then what were the results of the Huitema et al. (1933) ?
readers usually draw inferences about the causes of events and the relationships between events, and so readers integrate previous knowledge into the text.
Results: inconsistent phrases were read more slowly regardless of wether they were close in proximity or far separate by lines.
- connected to the constructivist view, because readers try to make sense of the passage and consult their long term memory to comprehend the material.
Tell me about the elfs and goblins problem, what do people usually do and what do they usually avoid?
What is it? there are three goblins and three elves, they need to cross a river bank but there is only one boat which can carry only two beings at the time. You can never have more goblins than elfs on one side.
What do they do? they usually pause while tackling sub problems, and organizing their moves.
What do they avoid? moving backwards on a task ( such as moving goblins or elfs back and forth), they avoid moving further away from their goal state.
what are satisficers, and then what were the results of Schwarts and Colleagues (2002) the satisficer/maximixers scale.
What is it ? people that tend to settle for something that is satisfying, satisficers decision style.
Results: Maximazers showed more regrets, and higher depressive symptoms. More choices do not make you happy.
supposed the outcome of an important court case in your community depends on the testimony of a young child. What factors would encourage you to trust the child's testimony, and what factors would discourage you from trusting the testimony? Provide at least 2 for each.
Encourage:
1. older children are more accurate with their reports and say more things about an event.
2. Kids can provide valid testimonies, if they are not exposed to misleading information before/after.
Discourage:
1. Kids, do not know to say idk, and sometimes they cannot understand the questions being asked.
2. kids make are the most errors with interviwers stereotypes and suggestions.
How would you encourage greater creativity, and what would you avoid because it might hinder creativity.
encourage creativity: intrinsic motivation ( doing something cause you are passionate avoid it)
hinder creativity: extrinsic motivation (doing something because of an external reward)