Version A
Andy is an angry child whose aggressive behavior has gotten him into trouble. His parents decide to get him involved in sports to channel some of this anger into a healthier and more productive outlet. According to the psychodynamic theory of personality, his parents are trying to use the defense mechanism of a) displacement. b) repression. c) reaction formation. d) sublimation.
D - Sublimation
What is the difference between temperaments and personality traits? a) Traits are broader than temperaments. b) Temperaments are broader than traits. c) Temperaments apply only to children. d) Traits apply only to children.
B - Temperaments are broader than traits
The dark triad of personality traits includes all of the following EXCEPT a) psychopathy. b) Machiavellianism. c) narcissism. d) neuroticism.
D - Neuroticism
Blaine, who plays high school football, considers himself to be both athletic and shy. When he attends a pep rally for the football team, he is more likely to view himself as athletic because his immediate experience and environment make that the most relevant self-description. Blaine's view of himself as athletic at the pep rally is an example of a) self-serving bias. b) self-esteem. c) a self-schema. d) a working self-concept.
D - Working self-concept
Recent psychological research suggests that the impact of parenting style on personality is a) more influential than previously assumed. b) less influential than previously assumed. c) influential only in individualistic cultures. d) influential only in collectivistic cultures.
B - Less influential than previously assumed
Children raised to prioritize connections with their family and community and to view successes as belonging to the group are more likely to be from a(n) __________ culture. a) individualistic b) independent c) collectivist d) cohesive
C - Collectivist
How you experience yourself in the present, depending on which part of yourself is most relevant at the time, is referred to as a) self-serving bias. b) self-esteem. c) a self-schema. d) a working self-concept
D - Working self-concept
Dakarai, who is generally quiet and reserved, seldom raises his hand to answer the teacher's questions in class. However, while attending after-school tutoring with only one other student, Dakarai is more open to talking about the content with the teacher and his classmate. Which of the following theories best explains the idea that Dakarai's behavior changes based on his environment? a) trait theory b) reciprocal determinism c) psychodynamic theory d) locus of control theory
B - Reciprocal determinism
Raymond has been playing the flute for a few months. To __________ his self-esteem, he engages in a(n) __________ comparison, comparing himself to Maribel who just started learning to play the flute. a) increase; downward b) decrease; upward c) decrease; downward d) increase; upward
A - Increase; downward
Grayson used to be hard on himself when he did poorly in school. Over time, he realized that he should treat himself with care, acceptance, and kindness, like he would treat a good friend. Grayson's realization shows he is developing a) a reflected appraisal. b) self-compassion. c) a self-serving bia d) a self-schema.
B - Self-compassion
Which of the following is the strongest evidence that personality has a genetic component? a) Adopted children in the same family are similar in personality. b) Identical twins are more similar in personality than nonidentical twins. c) People in the same culture are similar in personality. d) Both biological and nonbiological siblings show similar personalities.
B - Identical twins are more similar than nonidentical twins
The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of a(n) __________ measure of personality. a) self-report b) subjective c) projective d) observational
C - Projective
According to reflected appraisal theory, self-esteem is based on a) how you believe others perceive you. b) discrepancies between internal and external evaluations. c) self-compassion. d) changes in your moods and emotions
A - How you believe others perceive you
Ria's parents have raised her to follow group norms, to obey authority, and to not challenge or complain about her status in society. Ria is probably being raised as a member of a(n) __________ culture. a) individualistic b) independent c) collectivist d) cohesive
C - Collectivist
Bandura's reciprocal determinism theory of personality includes all of the factors EXCEPT __________ factors. a) person b) environment c) behavior d) trait
D - Trait
Psychologists use the term personality mainly to refer to the thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that a) are relatively stable across time and circumstances. b) show little variability across persons. c) stem from conscious intentions. d) are relatively easy to observe and measure
A - Relatively stable across time and circumstances
Fern decides that she is an excellent student because her grades are much higher than those of her younger siblings. Her judgment is based on a(n) __________ comparison. a) upward b) downward c) temporal d) self-serving
B - Downward comparison
Sheldon and Amy meet on an online dating site. In his profile, Sheldon describes himself as stubborn, competitive, and argumentative. According to the Big Five trait theory, Sheldon is most likely a) low in agreeableness. b) high in neuroticism. c) low in extraversion. d) high in conscientiousness.
A - Low in agreeableness
Dr. Carl is a humanistic psychologist studying personality. Which of the following statements is he most likely to say? a) "Personality is based on a person's unconscious wishes and conflicts." b) "Personality is influenced by a person's unique goodness, growth, and self-understanding." c) "Personality is based on our way of thinking, our expectancies, and our values." d) "Personality can be described by our personal characteristics."
B - Unique goodness, growth, and self-understanding
After performing poorly at the track meet, Troy said that he just does not have as much natural athletic ability as the other runners. Troy explains his performance at the track meet based on a(n) a) self-serving bias. b) downward comparison. c) temporal comparison. d) upward comparison.
D - Upward comparison
Which person is demonstrating a positive self-serving bias? a) Jan, who believes she got a good grade on her exam because her professor is an easy grader b) William, who believes he got a poor grade on his exam because he crammed the night before c) Megan, who believes that the reason she did not make the varsity water polo team is because the coach favors upperclassmen d) Amanda, who believes that the reason she did not make the varsity water polo team is because she is not great at water polo
C - Megan blames the coach's preference for upperclassmen
According to Freud, which structure operates according to the pleasure principle? a) the id b) the ego c) the superego d) The id, ego, and superego all operate according to the pleasure principle.
A - The id
Derek's dad demands that Derek play catch with him. When Derek drops the ball, his dad tells him that he is useless unless he can be a good athlete. According to humanistic approaches to personality, Derek's dad is creating __________ for his son. a) conditions of worth b) self-actualization c) unconscious conflicts d) low self-esteem
A - Conditions of worth
Dr. Jones most likely gives her client a Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) to evaluate her client's a) self-esteem. b) sexual conflicts. c) level of psychopathy. d) motivational traits.
D - Motivational traits
Whenever his class has recess, Marin ignores the other kids. He would rather play by himself. Researchers would say that Marin is low on the __________ aspect of temperament. a) activity level b) sociability c) interpersonal d) emotionality
B - Sociability