Brain Anatomy
What part of the brainstem regulates breathing and sleep?
Pons
Which cranial nerve is responsible for smell?
Olfactory nerve (CN I)
What part of the eye has the highest concentration of cones?
Fovea centralis
What structure contains the receptors for smell?
Olfactory epithelium
What structure vibrates first when sound enters the ear?
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
What part of the brain is responsible for balance and coordination?
Cerebellum
Which cranial nerve controls most eye movements?
Oculomotor (CN III)
What structure contains rods and cones?
Retina
What is the name of the sensory organ responsible for taste?
Taste buds
What are the three ear ossicles (in order)?
Malleus → Incus → Stapes
Which brain structure is the “gateway” for almost all sensory information going to the cerebrum?
Thalamus
Which nerve carries both sensory information from the face AND controls chewing?
Trigeminal (CN V)
What condition occurs when the focal point is in front of the retina?
Myopia (nearsightedness)
Which taste(s) use G-protein–coupled receptors?
Sweet, bitter, umami
What structure contains the hair cells for hearing?
Organ of Corti
What is the outer layer of the cerebrum called?
Cerebral cortex (gray matter)
Which nerve controls facial expression?
Facial nerve (CN VII)
What part of the eye performs most of the refraction (bending of light)?
Cornea
Which cranial nerves carry taste information?
VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus)
What part of the inner ear detects head rotation?
Semicircular canals
What system links emotion, memory, and motivation?
Limbic system
Which cranial nerve controls heart rate, digestion, and many parasympathetic functions?
Vagus nerve (CN X)
What happens to the lens during accommodation for near vision?
It becomes convex (thicker)
Why does smell adapt quickly?
Olfactory receptors undergo rapid phasic adaptation
What ion enters hair cells to depolarize them in hearing?
Potassium (K⁺)