Vocab Words
Motivation based on the need to belong, form relationships, and be accepted by others is called ______ motivation.
What is social motivation?
Which theorist is known for the concept of self-efficacy and social cognitive theory?
Who is Albert Bandura?
Name one of the three basic psychological needs in self-determination theory.
What is autonomy, competence, or relatedness?
How can a teacher make students feel more connected in class?
By learning students’ names, showing interest in them, and encouraging collaboration.
What social motive often drives students to work hard to gain approval from peers or teachers?
What is the need for affiliation or approval?
What type of motivation is driven by external rewards or punishments?
What is extrinsic motivation?
Which theorist’s humanistic approach emphasized belongingness and love needs as central to motivation?
Who is Abraham Maslow?
List two factors that can strengthen positive teacher–student relationships.
What are respect and consistent communication (or care and support)?
How can culturally responsive teaching improve student motivation?
By connecting lessons to students’ cultural backgrounds and real-life experiences.
How can peer relationships support or undercut motivation?
Support through collaboration and encouragement; undercut through competition or exclusion.
When students compare themselves to others to evaluate their ability, what is this process called?
What is social comparison?
Who proposed that motivation is influenced by one’s sense of autonomy, competence, and relatedness?
Who are Edward Deci and Richard Ryan (Self-Determination Theory)?
Identify two common causes of low achievement motivation.
What are low self-efficacy and fear of failure?
What is one way to reduce performance anxiety during tests?
Provide low-stakes practice tests and teach relaxation strategies
Why might students from collectivist cultures respond differently to competitive settings?
Because they value group harmony and cooperation over individual competition.
Which term refers to beliefs, values, and practices shared by a group that influence students’ motivation and behavior?
What is sociocultural context?
Who focused on how students’ goal orientations (mastery vs. performance) affect social and classroom motivation?
Who is Carol Dweck?
What are the four types of achievement-related difficulties discussed in the chapter?
What are low achievers/low expectations, failure-avoiding, procrastinators/perfectionists, and anxious or alienated students?
What should teachers emphasize to help students who fear failure?
Effort and progress rather than comparison or grades.
How can high anxiety interfere with student achievement?
It divides attention and lowers working-memory capacity, reducing performance.
What is the theory that focuses on the extent to which individuals believe their successes or failures are due to internal or external factors?
What is attribution theory?
Which researcher emphasized how culturally responsive teaching supports intrinsic motivation for diverse learners?
Who is Geneva Gay (or Gloria Ladson-Billings, depending on instructor focus)?
According to the chapter, what are three teacher strategies to help students with achievement difficulties?
What are building self-efficacy, offering mastery-focused feedback, and creating a supportive classroom climate?
How can teachers motivate students who are uninterested or alienated from school?
By offering relevant, choice-based tasks and building trustful relationships that value student voice.
What comprehensive approach does Santrock recommend for helping students with achievement difficulties?
Combining emotional support, realistic expectations, skill-building, and culturally aware teaching practices.