A
What drug can be administered to an Rh- mother upon her first pregnancy with an Rh+ fetus to prevent sensitization to the Rh factor?
Rh(D) immunoglobulin (RhoGAM)
What is the lack of a properly functioning immune system?
Immunodeficiency
What is the mediator of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?
T cells
Besides aging, what is the leading cause of secondary immunodeficiencies?
Medical interventions
1. What two antibody types mediate Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
2. In general, what type of antigens do the antibodies bind to?
1. IgG & IgM
2. Nonsoluble antigens
1. What antibody types mediate Type III hypersensitivity reactions?
2. In general, what antigens do the antibodies bind to?
1. IgG & IgM
2. Soluble antigens
What is an inborn error that affects one or more immune system factors and leads to deficient immunity?
Primary (congenital) immunodeficiency
What is sensitizing exposure?
An allergen exposure that triggers the immune system to produce IgE
What are five autoimmune disorders that are caused by Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?
Guillain–Barré syndrome
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Type I diabetes
Multiple sclerosis
Celiac disease
As Type III hypersensitivity reactions progress, what forms?
large antigen–antibody complexes form
What is an allergen?
Any antigen that triggers IgE production and leads to allergy
What are Isografts?
Transplanted tissue from an identical twin. Genetically identical to the host, these grafts are accepted as “self” and typically safe from immune rejection
What is an autoimmune disorder?
Chronic conditions that develop from these damaging self-tissue attacks
What are five autoimmune diseases that are caused by Type III hypersensitivities?
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Rheumatoid arthritis
Scleroderma
Sjögren’s syndrome
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
What is the difference between transplant rejection and graft-vs-host disease?
Transplanted tissue is rejected if the recipient patient’s T cytotoxic cells detect that the tissue is foreign.
In GVHD the graft attacks host tissues because a bone marrow transplant is basically an immune system transplant, the white blood cells made in the transplanted bone marrow could attack the new body they find themselves inhabiting
Although not solidly confirmed, certain autoimmune disorders may be linked to suspected infectious agents.
Name the infectious agent that may be associated with the following diseases:
A) Type I diabetes:
B) Guillain–Barré syndrome:
C) Rheumatic heart disease:
D) Multiple sclerosis (MS):
A) Type I diabetes: Coxsackievirus B
B) Guillain–Barré syndrome: Campylobacter jejuni
C) Rheumatic heart disease: Streptococcus pyogenes
D) Multiple sclerosis (MS): Human herpesvirus 6 and Epstein–Barr virus and 18+
1. What is an immune-privileged site?
2. What are the four of these sites in the body?
1. Body sites in which transplants are the least likely to be rejected
2. immune-privileged sites include the eye, brain, uterus, and testicles.
What is the immunological cause of hypersensitivities?
Inappropriate responses of the immune system to a threat; immune-based pathologies such as allergy and autoimmunity