13.1 Guardians of the Constitution and Individual Rights
The power of the courts, as part of the system of checks and balances, to look at actions taken by the other branches of government and the states to then determine whether they are constitutional.
What is judicial review?
Cases heard by the U.S. Supreme Court come from: (1) ______, or U.S. courts of appeals (after the cases have originated in the federal district courts).
What are circuit courts?
The principle or guidelines established by courts in earlier cases that frame the ongoing operation of the courts, steering the direction of the entire system.
What is precedent?
The lead or highest-ranking judge on the Court.
What is Chief Justice?
Name the term: The majority of justices have agreed upon this text, which outlines the logic underlying the Court's ultimate decision.
What is a majority opinion?
In 2010, President Barack Obama signed into law the Patient Protection and _______________ (ACA), which brought significant changes to the nation’s healthcare system.
What is the Affordable Care Act (ACA)?
Governments establish rules and punishments; laws define conduct that is prohibited because it can harm others and impose punishment for committing such an act.
What is criminal law?
This person is able to nominate supreme court justices.
Who is the President?
The Supreme Court exercises discretion in the cases it chooses to hear, but four of the nine justices must vote to accept a case.
What is the Rule of Four?
This distinct opinion may be issued by a justice who concurs with the result generally but disagrees with the explanation put forward by the majority.
What is a concurring opinion?
Name the 1966 case in which the Court’s Decision was that individuals taken into police custody must be informed of their rights to an attorney and against self-incrimination before being interrogated.
What is Miranda v. Arizona?
Name type of courts that: hear both civil and criminal matters, although many criminal cases involving federal law are tried in state courts.
What are federal courts?
The predominant religion of all previous presidents.
What is protestant?
The lawyer who represents the federal government before the Supreme Court: He or she decides which cases (in which the United States is a party) should be appealed from the lower courts and personally approves each one presented.
What is a Solicitor General ?
The need to defend individual rights and liberties, and they aim to stop actions and laws by other branches of government that they see as infringing on these rights.
What is Judicial Activism?
The power of judicial review is not confined to the Supreme Court but is also exercised by the ___________ and even the state courts.
What is lower federal courts?
Most crimes and criminal activity, such as robbery, rape, and murder, are violations of state laws, and cases are thus heard by ______?
What are state courts?
The first catholic for the supreme court justice.
Who is Roger B. Taney?
Short arguments explaining each party’s view of the case, must be submitted—first by the petitioner putting forth the case, then by the respondent.
What are briefs?
The process of which a court’s decision is put into practice and enforced.
What is Judicial Implementation?
The 1803 Supreme Court case that established the courts’ power of judicial review and the first time the Supreme Court ruled an act of Congress to be unconstitutional.
What is Marbury v. Madison?
Name the term: the division of the courts into two separate systems, one federal and one state, with each of the fifty states having its own courts
What is dual court system?
Name the term: the principle by which courts rely on past decisions and their precedents when making decisions in new cases.
What is stare decisis?
Name the 2014 case in which the Court's Decision was that police may not search a cell phone without a warrant.
What is Riley v. California (2014)?
This powerful organization assists the Supreme Court in reaching decisions by providing the justices with summaries and legal analysis.
Who are the law clerks?