Enzymes
The first Ni enzyme discovered
What is urease?
These structural features define a typical type 1 copper site
What is a mononuclear Cu(II) center
The role of the nickel center in the active site of hydrogenases.
What is binding and activation of hydrogen molecules?
The oxidation state of cobalt in the active form of vitamin B12.
What is 3+?
The primary role of branched AA’s?
What is serves as energy sources during prolonged exercise?
The coordination geometry of Vitamin B12
What is octahedral?
“Type 1” blue copper proteins exhibit this coordination geometry.
What is Square Planar?
The unique feature of the nickel center in Methyl-coenzyme M reductase that distinguishes it from other nickel enzymes.
What is the tetranuclear cluster center, including a Ni-Ni bond?
How noncorrin cobalt-containing enzymes differ from vitamin B12 in their structure.
What is lacks the characteristic corrin ring structure
These amino acids absorb UV light at ~280 nm (hint: 3 AAs!).
What is Tryptophan, Tyrosine, and Phenylalanine?
This is the role that COAD/ACS enzymes provide in microorganisms
What is anaerobic metabolism?
Hemocyanin or tyrosinase bind their dioxygen to this to activate it.
What is the dicopper(II) center?
This enzyme contains a nickel center and is involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species.
What is superoxide dismutase (Ni-SOD)
How does substituting cobalt for iron in the nitrogenase enzyme complex affect enzyme efficiency?
Decreased enzyme activity and stability
These amino acids are strictly ketogenic.
What are Leucine and Lysine?
These are the two main types of B12 dependent enzymes
What is isomerases and methyltransferases?
The final electron receptor in proteins that utilize trinuclear copper clusters.
What is molecular oxygen?
The coordination geometry of the nickel center in the urease enzyme
What is tetrahedral
The three biologically relevant oxidation states of cobalt in vitamin B12?
What is (I), (II), (III)?
These amino acids are commonly phosphorylated.
What is Serine, Threonine, and Tyrosine?
This is the only one of the six major enzyme classes not represented among known nickel-dependent enzymes.
What is transferase?
This copper-containing enzyme is responsible for superoxide dismutation in some organisms.
What is Copper-Based Superoxide Dismutase (CuSOD)?
Nickel and cobalt are considered "evolutionary relics" in biochemistry. How does this relate to the availability of these metals in the Earth's early environment.
What is these metals were more abundant in the Earth's early environment?
The reason free cobalt is toxic to cells.
What is generates ROS via Fenton-like chemistry?
This is known as the 21st amino acid.
What is Selenocysteine (contains selenium instead of sulfur in the side chain)?