Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming
An endogenous neuromodulator that generally reduces neural activity. Caffeine interferes with adenosine binding.
What is adenosine?
The recording and study of gross electrical activity of the brain recorded from large electrodes placed on the scalp?
What is electroencephalography (EEG)?
EEG activity seen in wakefulness, comprising a mix of many different high frequencies with low amplitude.
What is beta activity?
A disorder that involves frequent, intense episodes of sleep, which last from 5-30 minutes and can occur anytime during the usual waking hours.
What is narcolepsy?
A stage of sleep characterized by small-amplitude, fast-EEG waves, no postural tension, and rapid eye movements.
What is rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep?
A brain potential of 8-12 Hz that occurs during relaxed wakefulness.
What is alpha rhythm?
The electrical recording of eye movements.
What is electro-oculography (EOG)?
Stage of sleep without rapid eye movements. In humans this is divided into stages 1, 2, and 3 sleep.
The electrical recording of muscle activity?
What is electromyography (EMG)?
A sleep disorder in which respiration slows or stops periodically, waking the person. Excessive daytime sleepiness results from the frequent nocturnal awakening.
What is sleep apnea?
A ventral region in the forebrain that has been implicated in consciousness and sleep.
What is the basal forebrain?
A sharp negative EEG potential that is seen in stage 2 sleep.
What is K complex?
What is fatal familial insomnia?
Commonly, a person's perception of not being asleep despite EEG readings and nonresponsiveness indicate otherwise. Typically it occurs at the start of a sleep episode.
What is paradoxical insomnia?
A sleep disorder in which a person physically acts out a dream?
What is REM behavior disorder (RBD)?
What is delta wave?
A secretory gland in the brain midline; the source of melatonin release.
What is the pineal gland?
A characteristic 12-14 Hz wave in the EEG of a person in stage 2 sleep.
What is a sleep spindle?
A stage of NREM sleep characterized by large-amplitude delta waves.
What is slow-wave sleep (SWS)?
A brain region just ventral to the locus coeruleus that is associated with REM sleep.
What is subcoeruleus?
The initial stage of NREM sleep, which is characterized by small-amplitude EEG waves of irregular frequency, slow heart rate, and reduced muscle tension.
What is stage 1 of sleep?
A photopigment found in some retinal ganglion cells that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
What is melanopsin?
Neuropeptides produced in the hypothalamus that are involved in switching between sleep states, in narcolepsy, and in the control of appetite.
What are hypocretins?
A stage of NREM sleep that is defined by bursts of EEG waves called sleep spindles.
What is stage 2 sleep?
The projection of retinal ganglion cells to the suprachiasmatic nuclei.
What is the retinohypothalamic pathway?