People
Who traveled to China and wrote about Asian trade routes?
Marco Polo
What term refers to Spaniards born in Spain living in the colonies?
Peninsulares
What powerful West African empire replaced Mali?
The Kingdom of Songhai
What agreement divided new lands between Spain and Portugal?
The Treaty of Tordesillas
What trade system forced Africans to the Americas?
The Transatlantic Slave Trade
Who was the Muslim traveler who journeyed across Africa and Asia?
Ibn Battuta
What were people of Spanish descent born in the Americas called?
Creoles
What Asian region produced valuable spices like cloves and nutmeg?
The Spice Islands
What belief claimed Europeans had the right to take non-Christian lands?
The Doctrine of Discovery
What crop from the Americas transformed European diets?
Potatoes
Who sponsored early Portuguese exploration along Africa’s coast?
Prince Henry of Portugal
What was a Spanish colonial governor called?
Viceroy
What city became Portugal’s main trading center in India?
Goa
What empire Cortés conquered?
The Aztec Empire
What crop from the Americas was used for cash production?
Sugar
Who reached India by sailing around Africa?
Vasco de Gama
What labor system forced Indigenous people to work for Spanish landowners?
Encomienda System
What group controlled Indian Ocean trade before Europeans?
Arab merchants
What disease devastated Indigenous populations after European contact?
Smallpox
What African region supplied many enslaved people?
West Africa
Who led the Spanish expedition to the Americas in 1492?
Christopher Columbus
What system ruled colonies through local leaders rather than direct control?
Indirect Rule
What European country dominated early spice trade routes?
Portugal
What exchange transferred crops, animals, and diseases between hemispheres?
The Columbian Exchange
What labor shortage increased slavery in the Americas?
The decline of Indigenous populations