SKELETAL STRUCTURE
What are the two main divisions of the skeletal system?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
Name one nutrient or vitamin from the lesson that supports bone health.
Calcium, phosphorus, or vitamin D.
Name the three types of muscle tissue.
Smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle.
What structures make up the central nervous system?
The brain and spinal cord.
What is the key difference between a concussion and a coma?
A concussion may cause temporary loss of consciousness; a coma is unconsciousness from which a person cannot be roused.
What type of joint is found at the hip and shoulder and allows the widest range of motion?
Ball-and-socket joint.
What is the difference between osteoporosis and scoliosis?
Osteoporosis is progressive loss of bone tissue; scoliosis is a side-to-side curvature of the spine.
What is the difference between a flexor and an extensor?
A flexor closes a joint; an extensor opens a joint.
Name the three main parts of a neuron.
Cell body, dendrites, and axon.
Give two textbook ways to protect the brain and spinal cord from injury.
: helmet/protective gear, seat belt, check water depth before diving, avoid alcohol/drugs.
What is the difference between a ligament and a tendon?
A ligament connects bone to bone; a tendon connects muscle to bone.
A bone breaks completely across but does not shatter into several pieces. What type of fracture is this?
Transverse fracture.
Which muscle type is striated and voluntary, and which is striated and involuntary?
Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary; cardiac muscle is striated and involuntary.
Which lobe controls vision, and which lobe is involved with hearing and smell?
Occipital lobe controls vision; temporal lobe is involved with hearing and smell.
Which disorder destroys the myelin sheath around axons in the CNS?
Multiple sclerosis.
What is ossification?
The process by which bone is formed, renewed, and repaired.
What condition can develop from prolonged, repeated wrist movements and may cause burning, tingling, or weakness?
A repetitive motion injury such as carpal tunnel syndrome.
What is tendonitis?
the inflammation, irritation, or swelling of a tendon
How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems affect the body differently?
Sympathetic prepares the body for action/fight-or-flight; parasympathetic slows the body during rest and relaxation.
What is the difference between paraplegia and quadriplegia?
Paraplegia affects both lower limbs; quadriplegia affects all four limbs.
In a long bone, what is the diaphysis, and what is found in the epiphysis?
The diaphysis is the shaft/main column; the epiphysis is the end and contains red bone marrow where new blood cells are produced.
Explain the difference among a hairline fracture, transverse fracture, and comminuted fracture.
Hairline: incomplete and bone parts do not separate; transverse: completely across the bone; comminuted: bone shatters into more than two pieces.
Why do opposing skeletal muscles make movement possible? Use the biceps and triceps as an example.
One muscle contracts while the opposing muscle allows/produces the opposite action; the biceps acts as a flexor and the triceps as an extensor at the elbow
Name the brain-stem structure that regulates heartbeat and respiration, and the structure that helps regulate body temperature, appetite, and sleep.
Medulla oblongata; hypothalamus.
Compare epilepsy and cerebral palsy using the textbook descriptions.
Epilepsy involves recurrent seizures from uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain. Cerebral palsy is a group of nonprogressive neurological disorders caused by brain damage around birth or early childhood.