Human Genome
Selective Breeding
Recombinant DNA
Genetic Engineering
GMO/ Ethics
100
_______________ cut DNA molecules into fragments at the _______________________________.
Restriction enzymes
Recognition site
100
Crossing individuals with similar characteristics so that those characteristics will appear in their offspring is called.
inbreeding
100
DNA ligase so important in recombinant DNA technology because.....
It joins two DNA fragments together.
100
A ___ is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell
clone
100
What are some purposes of DNA technology
Improve food production, produce medicines, microorganism to clean up environment (bacteria)
200
Because of their replication process, ___________ are excellent carriers of ____________________ DNA.
plasmids
Recombinant
200
Crossing dissimilar organisms to bring together their best characteristics.
hybridization
200
Organisms that contain genes from other organisms are called
transgenic
200
Involves the testing of DNA. Detects specific genes or proteins.
genes related to an increased risk of cancer
genes known to cause genetic disorders
Genetic Screening
200
What are the ethical concerns surrounding CRISPR Cas 9?
Designer babies - editing genomes of embryos for non-medical traits
Ex: eye color, height
300
What are the 3 steps in manipulating DNA?
Cut, Separate, Read
300
X-rays, nicotine and asbestos are known to:
induce mutations
300
This process is called?
Transformation
300
If only a small sample of DNA was obtained from a crime scene, what tool would be used to makes millions of copies/hour of the sample for testing?
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
300
Name 2 benefits of DNA technology
Pharmaceutical products – insulin, HBCF (human blood clotting factor)
Increasing agricultural yields –GMO (Genetically Modified Organism)
400
Describe the process of gel electrophoresis and why it is necessary to assess DNA.
-Include- (+, -) end of the gel
-Migration of Fragment size
Uses electricity to separate and analyze the differently sized fragments of DNA. This is done after fragments are created from of the RE.
DNA is neg charged and the other end is positive charged. The larger fragments do not migrate as far as the smaller fragments.
400
What are the cons of inbreeding
Increase in prevalence of recessive genetic disorders
cardiovascular disease
reduced birth rate
reduced fertility
400
Eco RI cuts at the following sequence: G A A T/ T C
Cut the single-stranded piece of DNA below.
C A G A A T T C G A G A A C G A A G A A T T C G A T A G A A T T C G A
How many cuts? _______ How many pieces? ______
Does this RE cause blunt and sticky ends?
Cuts: 3 Pieces 4
Sticky ends
400
This technique is used to separate DNA fragments according to size...
Where will smaller fragments be located on a gel in relation to the larger fragments (include negative and positive terms in your response)?
Gel Electrophoresis
The smaller fragments will move further in the gel closer to the positive end, while the larger fragments will move slower in the gel and will be closer to negative end
400
Explain 2 drawbacks of DNA technology.
Food allergies
FDA does not require “GMO” on a label (here in the US)
Also, may create “superweeds” that cross pollinate with others & may take over environment
Health effects down the road? Increased risk of cancer
Unintended insects (non-pests) killed.
500
Discuss the goal of the Human Genome Project
Sequencing all 3 billion base pairs of human DNA
Identifying all human genes
500
What is polyploidy?
Can humans survive if they are polyploid?
What organisms benefit from polyploidy?
Have an extra set of chromosomes (3N, 4N)
No. polyploidy in humans is lethal.
Plants
500
What are the “BIG SIX” steps to transform a bacterium to produce human insulin
1. Isolate gene of interest from human cell
2. Cut bacterial plasmid
3. “Glue” gene into plasmid using enzyme, DNA ligase
4. Insert Recombinant DNA into bacterium
5. Grow bacterium (now called transgenic organism)
6. Make the Insulin protein in larger quantities
500
What are the four basic steps in creating a clone?
1. Remove nucleus from donor female egg.
2. Fuse the egg cell with the body cell of another adult.
3. Cell divides to form an embryo
4. Implant the embryo into surrogate
500
Provide 2 Pros and 2 cons to GMOs
P- Higher yield/ Lower cost/ reduce land use / nutrient-rich food / Increase flavor / slow ripening process
C-No long term studies/ overuse of herbicides due to superweeds / costly patents / GMO labels do not have to be used in US / Increase in allergens