I
Characterized by a moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression
Double depression
Theory that states that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (their fault), stable (unlikely to change), and global (widespread)
Helplessness theory
This describes the symptoms used to diagnose each
recognized mental disorder and indicates how disorders can be distinguished from
other similar problems
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM)
The two most commonly reported mental disorders
... the two second most
Depression and anxiety
Impulse-control and substance-use disorders
Disorder characterized by persistent pattern of deviant behaviour involving
aggression to people or animals, destruction of
property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious rule
violations
Conduct disorder
Consists of diagnosis, signs, and symptoms
Medical model
Objectively observed indicators of a
disorder
Signs
Subjectively reported behaviours,
thoughts, and emotions that suggest illness
Symptoms
Model for the cause of mental disorders that states disorders have both internal (bio/psych) and external (environmental) causes; person may be predisposed for a psychological disorder that stress brings on
Diathesis-stress model
Shortness of breath, heart palpitations, sweating, dizziness, depersonalization (i.e., detachment from one’s body) or derealization (i.e., feeling like the external world is strange or unreal) are acute symptoms of this specific disorder
Panic disorder
Term for common set of signs/symptoms (both
objective AND subjective components)
Disorder
Term for pathological process affecting the
body (e.g., heart disease, brain disease)
Disease
Term for the co-occurrence of two or more
disorders in a single individual
Comorbidity
Symptoms characterized by delusions and hallucinations
vs.
Symptoms characterized by deficits or disruptions of
normal emotions and behaviours
Positive symptoms
vs.
Negative symptoms
Factor that maladaptive learning/coping, cognitive biases/dysfunctional attitudes, and interpersonal problems fall under in the biopsychosocial model
Psychological
Conditions categorized by disruptions or discontinuity in consciousness, memory, or identity
Dissociative disorders
Category of mental disorders characterized by enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to
others or controlling impulses that deviate from
cultural expectations and cause distress or impaired
functioning
Personality disorders
Ways of talking about or expressing distress that differ across cultures
Cultural idioms of distress
Guides the classification and understanding of mental
disorders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them
Goal to classify based on causes rather than symptoms
Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC)
Theory that states people are instinctively
predisposed toward certain fears
Preparedness theory
Less activity in amygdala/hippocampus to
negative emotional stimuli (less sensitive to
fear) is a potential cause of this disorder
Antisocial personality disorder
Thoughts involving checking, ordering, moral concerns, and contamination are common in individuals with this disorder
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Drugs that increase activity of serotonin and may help
to inhibit the activity of caudate nucleus can be helpful in managing this disorder
Obsessive compusive disorder
Increased amygdalic activity (evaluating threat), decreased activity in the medial prefrontal cortex
(extinction of fear conditioning), and a smaller hippocampus (memory) maybe factors that predispose someone to this disorder
Posttraumatic stress disorder
Potential treatments for this class of disorders include drugs that increase levels of NEP and serotonin, or others that decrease NEP and serotonin
Depressive disorders