Oxidation #
The energy released from the oxidation of fuel to CO2 is used in the process of.
What is the regeneration of ATP from ADP and Pi?
A common name for ATP
What is common energy currency? Currency of Free Energy.
FAD and NAD+ accept
What is the effect of the change in the rate of transcription?
Those reactions that transform fuels (carbohydrates, fats) into cellular energy
What are catabolic reactions (catabolism) ?
All oxidation reactions
What is include the loss of electrons from the molecule being oxidized?
- Gaining of electrons by another molecule = reduction. OIL RIG
A large amount of free energy is released.
What is the exergonic hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi. OR ATP to AMP and Pi.
The reduced forms of NADH, NADPH, and FADH2 contain more ___ and ___ than their oxidized counterparts.
What are protons and electrons?
What is metabolism regulated by?
Although many parts of different metabolic/biosynthetic pathways are similar these parts are almost always distinct
What are the regulated irreversible reactions of a pathway?
The ultimate electron acceptor in aerobic organisms.
What is O2?
Makes an unfavorable reaction favorable
What is coupling a reaction to ATP hydrolysis?
Chemical "handle"
What is ATP/ADP?
What is a drop in bodily ATP and deactivation of anabolic pathways?
NAD+ and FAD
What are the oxidized forms of NADH and FADH2? What are the electron carriers of NADH and FADH2?
Average carbon oxidation number in ethanol (C2H6O).
What is -2?
G3P has a delta G' of -2.2 kcal mol-1
ATP has a delta G' of -7.3 Kcal mol-1
Standard free energy of hydrolysis
What is the reason for ATP having a stronger tendency to transfer terminal phosphoryl group than G3P. Stronger phosphoryl-transfer potential.
What is FAD?
ATP occupies a pivotal position among high-energy phosphorylated molecules because?
ATP has a position in the middle of the phosphoryl group transfer scale and can serve as a pipeline to transfer energy from catabolism to anabolism.
Derived from vitamins
What are activated carriers like Coenzyme A (Vit B5) / B group vitamins? NAD derived from B3
The more bonds a carbon atom has with oxygen
What is a more oxidized carbon? Lower amount of available energy.
Phosphate esters ( like found in ATP) are thermodynamically ___ and kinetically ____
What is thermodynamically unstable and kinetically stable?
An activated carrier of two carbon fragments
Many metabolites important for energy metabolism such as ATP, NAD+, FAD+, and CoA, share what common structural component?
What is ADP?
What is a metabolic motif of citric acid cycle?