Q2P: 26-30
Q2P: 31-35
Q2P: 36-40
Q2P: 41-45
Q2P: 46-50
100
People who have deficiencies in one or more of the complement proteins are more susceptible to ___________ ____________ infections.
CERTAIN BACTERIAL
100
Which of the formed elements includes granulocytes and agranulocytes?
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
100
DRAW out the 5 steps of phagocytosis. DESCRIBE IN DETAIL the 5 stages of phagocytosis – make sure to discuss/define chemotactic factors, pseudopodia, phagosome, phagolysosome, lysosome, and residual body, exocytosis.
100
What are the signs/symptoms in a healthy person who has contracted toxo?
Healthy people who are infected typically don’t know it – no signs/symptoms.
100
What parts of the body are affected by severe toxoplasmosis?
Those who experience severe toxoplasmosis may experience disease in the CNS (brain and spinal cord), eyes, lungs, muscles, and heart.
200
What are two main components of the blood?
I. 60% liquid called plasma
II. 40% formed elements
200
What is the difference between a granulocyte and an agranulocyte? Describe the 3 types of granulocytes and their function and the two types of agranulocytes and their function.
Granulocytes have a granular cytoplasm and an irregularly shaped, lobed nucleus. (1) Basophils: release histamine during an inflammatory response; associated with allergies. (2) Eosinophils: are present in large numbers during allergic reactions and fight parasitic worm infections. (3) Neutrophils: guard blood, skin, and mucous membranes against infections. They are phagocytic and respond quickly when tissue injury occurs.
Agranulocytes: lack granular cytoplasm and have round nuclei. (1) Monocytes: are found in the blood and are precursor cells to a macrophage which is phagocytic. (2) Lymphocytes: circulate in the blood and are found in large numbers in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and tonsils. (3) T and B lymphocytes and NK (natural killer) cells
200
What specifically makes it easier for a phagocyte to attach to a pathogen?
Opsonization is sometimes necessary to enable phagocytes to attach to certain objects. The particle is coated with complement fragments (C3b) or antibodies (Y-shaped proteins secreted by B lymphocytes).
200
Who is at risk of contracting severe toxoplasmosis?
People who are most likely to develop severe toxoplasmosis include the fetus, newborn, elderly, and persons with severely weakened immune systems, such as AIDS and cancer patients, and organ transplant, recipients.
200
What are four ways people can acquire toxoplasmosis? What is the most common way?
Ingestion of contaminated food or water (most common).
Accidentally swallowing the parasite by contact with cat feces that contain T. Gondii.
Mother-to-child transmission.
Receiving an infected blood transfusion or organ transplant (rare).
300
What are three formed elements in the blood and describe their functions? Which of the formed elements is the most numerous? The least?
1. Erythrocytes (red blood cells); transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide; most numerous
2. Platelets (thrombocytes): cytoplasmic fragments derived from megakaryocytes; essential in blood clotting.
3. Leukocytes (white blood cells) are defensive cells of non-specific host defenses; least numerous.
300
What type of formed element are phagocytes derived from? Describe at least three functions of phagocytes.
Phagocytes are specific types of white blood cells that eat or engulf other materials. (1) Patrol or circulate throughout the body destroying dead cells and removing cellular debris. (2) Guard skin and mucous membranes against invasion by microbes. (3) If injury or wound occurs to skin/mucous membranes, phagocytes within tissues will attack microbes and foreign materials. - If microbes escape to deeper tissues, phagocytes in blood or lymph will mount a second attack on them.
300
Describe three specific ways pathogens can escape from phagocytosis.
Pathogens can escape phagocytosis if they have a capsule around the bacterium, the waxes in their cell wall prevent their digestion, and it prevents the fusion of lysosomes with the phagosome – so it is not digested and killed.
300
True or False. Once infected with toxo you will have it the rest of your life.
True.
300
What types of animals can T. gondii infect?
T. gondii can infect nearly every animal.
400
The formation of this specific complement protein, ___ , leads to three different host defense outcomes - name them. Which of these pokes a hole in the pathogen membrane and causes lysis of the pathogen? Which one causes release of histamine? What is histamine, who secretes it, and what are its two main actions? Which one coats microbes with opsonins? What are opsonins and give at least two specific examples. How do opsonins lead to pathogen destruction?
C3
In inflammation, complement fragments C3a and two others, cause certain white blood cells, basophils and mast cells, to release a chemical, histamine, which enhances chemotaxis (movement towards a chemical stimulus) of phagocytes to the infected site. Increases vascular permeability (allows more plasma and proteins to get to infected site).
C3b and other complement proteins bind to the cell membrane of microbes and other foreign cells and produce membrane attack complexes (MACs). MACs create holes in the membrane of cells and lead to their direct lysis.
In opsonization, invading microbes are coated with opsonin's, antibodies, and/or C3b complement fragments, making the invaders recognizable to phagocytes.
400
Name the three main phagocytes and their function. Which one is associated with allergies? Which is the largest cell? Which one is the first on the scene of an infection? Which one fights off parasitic worms and how? Which one has the shortest life span? The longest life span?
Neutrophils: Highest number of luekocytes in blood (50 billion in adults). First on scene at site of infection. Phagocytose bacteria and small particles. Short Life Span ~ About 3 days. Have a Multilobed nucleus
Eosinophils: 2-4% of circulating WBCs. Attack objects coated with antibodies. Excrete toxic compounds (effective against large parasites that cannot be engulfed). Are sensitive to allergens. Have bilobed nucleus with pink staining granules.
Macrophages: can be wandering (leave the bloodstream and migrate to sites of infection) or are fixed (stay within tissues and organs to trap debris. “Big eaters”; they destroy microbes but also larger particles of debris. Arrive after neutrophils at site of infection but come in larger numbers. Longer life span – months to years. Macrophages are the largest of the white blood cells and do not have granules
400
What specific type of microbe is Toxoplasma gondii? What disease does it cause? How does it resist phagocytosis?
Toxoplasma gondii is a single-celled protozoan that is an intracellular pathogen. It causes Toxoplasmosis. Once ingested by a phagocyte, it prevents the fusion of lysosomes with the phagosome – so it is not digested and killed.
400
Which is the greatest threat to the unborn baby – a mother that was toxo-positive before conception or after conception and explain why.
Infection during early pregnancy may lead to fetal infection (congenital toxoplasmosis), causing death of the fetus or serious birth defects (brain damage and potential loss of vision) (After Conception is a big threat because if the mom already had it before the baby becomes immune to it.)
400
What is the definitive host and intermediate host for T. gondii? Which one will produce infectious oocysts (eggs)? Which one cannot produce oocysts? In which type of host and in which tissues will the T. gondii encyst?
The cat and its relatives are the only definitive host where the parasite can reproduce sexually in their GI tract and produce oocysts (eggs) and pass them on through their feces. Cats typically get infected by eating an infected intermediate host.
Intermediate hosts include birds, rodents, and humans, and acquire the parasite by ingestion of oocysts. The parasite reproduces asexually and encysts in the eye, muscle, or neural tissue for life in both the cat and the intermediate host.
500
The formed elements of the blood are derived from ____ ____ which are able to divide continually and are found specifically in ______ _____ _______.
Stem Cells; Red Bone Marrow
500
Which type of white blood cell is associated with the reticuloendothelial system and what parts of the body are they found in?
Macrophages are part of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) – a nonspecific defense system. Kupffer cells in the liver, Spleen, Lymph nodes, Bone marrow, Lungs (alveolar or dust cells), Blood vessels, Intestines, and Microglia.
500
True or False. Toxo is a rare infection in the U.S.
False
500
What can happen to the baby in congenital toxoplasmosis?
Baby with congenital toxoplasmosis suffering from hydrocephalus (swelling of the brain due to cerebrospinal fluid buildup).
500
How is a person commonly diagnosed if they are infected with toxo?
The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is typically made by serologic testing. A test that measures antibodies to T. gondii is used to determine if a person has been infected.