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Who ruled England during the defeat of the Spanish Armada?
Elizabeth I
What French king claimed “I am the state”?
Louis XIV
Who was England’s first Stuart king?
James I
What war devastated Central Europe from 1618–1648?
The Thirty Years’ War
What did the Peace of Augsburg allow German princes to do?
Choose their state’s religion
Who issued the Edict of Nantes to end religious conflict in France?
Henry IV of France
What belief justified unlimited royal authority?
Divine Right of Kings
Who was executed after losing the English Civil War?
Charles I
What treaty ended the Thirty Years’ War?
The Peace of Westphalia
What long-term effect did the Reformation have on Europe?
Religious division
Who attempted to rule England as an absolute monarch before civil war broke out?
Charles I
What Russian ruler westernized dress, military, and government?
Peter the Great
Who ruled England as Lord Protector?
Oliver Cromwell
What conflict pitted King Charles I against Parliament?
The English Civil War
What system replaced absolute monarchy in England?
Constitutional monarchy
Who ruled England after Cromwell and restored the monarchy?
Charles II
What Spanish king defended Catholicism and fought Protestant states?
Philip II of Spain
What event restored the monarchy in 1660?
The Restoration
What revolution removed James II from power?
The Glorious Revolution
What principle did the Peace of Westphalia establish?
What group gained the most political power in England after 1689?
Who tried to reestablish Catholic rule in England and was overthrown?
James II
What economic system strengthened monarchs through state-controlled trade?
Mercantilism
Who ruled England after the Restoration?
Charles II
What document limited the English monarchy after 1689?
The English Bill of Rights
What group gained the most political power in England after 1689?
Parliament