The Basics & The Code
The Central Dogma describes the flow of genetic information in this specific order.
A) Protein → RNA → DNA
B) DNA → RNA → protein
C) RNA → DNA → protein
D) DNA → protein → RNA
B) DNA → RNA → protein
In eukaryotic cells, this is the cellular compartment where the process of transcription takes place.
A) Cytoplasm
B) Ribosome
C) Nucleus
D) Mitochondria
C) Nucleus
Eukaryotic genes contain these non-coding sequences that must be removed from the primary transcript to produce mature mRNA.
A) Exons
B) Introns
C) Promoters
D) Codons
B) Introns
The primary function of this molecule is to transport specific amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
A) mRNA
B) rRNA
C) tRNA
D) snRNA
C) tRNA
This type of point mutation results in the same amino acid being inserted, having no net effect on the protein.
A) Missense mutation
B) Nonsense mutation
C) Silent mutation
D) Frameshift mutation
C) Silent mutation
In the context of mRNA, this is defined as a block of three nucleotides corresponding to a specific amino acid.
A) Anticodon
B) Codon
C) Transcription unit
D) Promoter
B) Codon
Of the three different RNA polymerases in eukaryotes, this one is responsible for transcribing messenger RNA (mRNA).
A) RNA polymerase I
B) RNA polymerase II
C) RNA polymerase III
D) Reverse transcriptase
B) RNA polymerase II
Eukaryotic pre-mRNA undergoes these three main modifications during processing in the nucleus.
A) Initiation, Elongation, Termination
B) 5' cap, 3' poly-A tail, and splicing
C) Methylation, Acetylation, Phosphorylation
D) Reverse transcription, Translation, Replication
B) 5' cap, 3' poly-A tail, and splicing
During translation, this sequence on tRNA pairs with a complementary sequence on the mRNA to ensure the correct amino acid is added.
A) Codon
B) Anticodon
C) Promoter
D) TATA box
B) Anticodon
This type of point mutation results in a change to the amino acid inserted into the polypeptide chain.
A) Silent mutation
B) Missense mutation
C) Nonsense mutation
D) Synonymous mutation
B) Missense mutation
This characteristic of the genetic code means that multiple codons can specify the same amino acid, reducing the impact of mutations.
A) Redundant
B) Degenerate
C) Punctuated
D) Universal
B) Degenerate
This region of DNA is crucial because it serves as the recognition and binding site where RNA polymerase starts transcription.
A) Terminator
B) Promoter
C) Intron
D) Operon
B) Promoter
These small ribonucleoprotein particles recognize intron–exon boundaries and cluster together to form a spliceosome.
A) snRNPs
B) miRNAs
C) tRNAs
D) rRNAs
A) snRNPs
Within the ribosome, this site is where the incoming charged tRNA first binds.
A) A (aminoacyl) site
B) P (peptidyl) site
C) E (exit) site
D) Promoter site
A) A (aminoacyl) site
This type of mutation occurs when a codon is changed into a stop codon, often resulting in a truncated, non-functional protein.
A) Silent mutation
B) Missense mutation
C) Nonsense mutation
D) Neutral mutation
C) Nonsense mutation
This specific codon is used by the cell to signify the start of translation.
A) UAA
B) UGA
C) AUG
D) UAG
C) AUG
During transcription, the RNA chain always grows in this specific chemical direction as ribonucleotides are added.
A) 3'-to-5' direction
B) 5'-to-3' direction
C) 5'-to-5' direction
D) 3'-to-3' direction
B) 5'-to-3' direction
This process allows a single primary transcript to be spliced into different mRNAs, leading to multiple protein variants from a single gene.
A) Alternative splicing
B) Translocation
C) Wobble pairing
D) Reverse transcription
A) Alternative splicing
This term describes the movement of the ribosome along the mRNA so that tRNAs shift between the A, P, and E sites.
A) Transcription
B) Translocation
C) Transformation
D) Termination
B) Translocation
These mutations, caused by single nucleotide insertions or deletions, shift the reading frame and alter all downstream amino acids.
A) Point mutations
B) Frameshift mutations
C) Transitions
D) Transversions
B) Frameshift mutations
These specific codons do not bind to tRNA and are recognized by release factors to terminate translation.
A) UAA, UGA, UAG
B) AUG, GUG, UUG
C) CCC, GGG, AAA
D) UAU, UGU, UGG
A) UAA, UGA, UAG
In prokaryotes, this form of RNA polymerase is required to accurately initiate synthesis and is composed of the core enzyme and the sigma factor.
A) Holoenzyme
B) Spliceosome
C) Replisome
D) Ribosome
A) Holoenzyme
This specific modification is involved in translation initiation and mRNA stability by adding a methylated GTP to the 5' end.
A) 3' poly-A tail
B) 5' cap
C) Exon shuffling
D) Spliceosome assembly
B) 5' cap
his phenomenon allows for fewer tRNAs than codons by permitting less stringent base pairing between the 3' base of a codon and the 5' base of an anticodon.
A) Transversion
B) Wobble pairing
C) Degeneracy
D) Alternative splicing
B) Wobble pairing
Sickle cell anemia is caused by a specific point mutation in the hemoglobin gene that results in this.
A) An altered protein structure that distorts red blood cells
B) The total absence of red blood cells
C) The inability to produce RNA
D) A mutation that only affects mitochondrial DNA
A) An altered protein structure that distorts red blood cells