Industry and Invention
vertical integration
murdered in 1881 by Charles Guiteau becuase of the spoils system
James Garfield
the first significant labor union in the US
Knights of Labor
term for the shift in immigration from North and West Europe to East and South Europe
"New Immigration"
Strike led by Eugene Debs that started with a boycott of certain railroad cars (removing them and placing them on side tracks)
Pullman Strike
a legal device in which one board of trustees controled operations of a group of companies, some of which ended up controlling entire industries
trust
name for the Republicans who voted for Grover Cleveland in the 1884 presidential election
Mugwumps; they did not support the corrupt Republican candidate James Blaine so they voted across party lines because Cleveland had a reputation for being honest and upright
the currency policy of the populist party
"free silver"- adding silver into the currency standard, intentionally creating an certain level of inflation to bring people out of debt
This man challenged the housing conditions in NYC by publishing a book and photos exposing the horrid living spaces of immigrants
Jacob Riis
The flood of this town nearly ruined Andrew Carnegie's Reputation
Johnstown, PA
Nikola Tesla used which kind of electric current and who was his financier?
alternating current; George Westinghouse
law that made monopolies illegal
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
What incident discredited the Knights of Labor and how?
Haymarket Riot; it was blamed for a bomb that went off and started a riot (actually the doing of the anarchists). This discredits the 8 hour workday movement for a long time to come
Christian movement that called for saving people from poverty as much as saving their souls by Christ
The Social Gospel
Why were time zones created in the Gilded Age?
Created during the Gilded Age because the railroad schedules were unpredictable and trains were crashing into each other
Explain two tactics used by employers to counter labor unions
yellow dog contracts- written into contract that workers cant strike etc
lockout- bar employees from working until they get desperate and agree to the conditions
blacklist- a list circulated among employers of men who tend to support strikes/unions.
scabs- temporary workers brought in the keep things running when workers are on strike
system by which the president would give jobs to political supporters, created by Andrew Jackson
spoils system
One of the problems faced by farmers during the Gilded Age
possible answers: high railroad shipping costs, high tariffs led to less business for farmers, and unpredictable harvests
Give three reasons people opposed the new immigration (whether valid fears or not)
possible answers: immigrants take jobs, racial prejudice, religious tensions, lowering of the nations' standard of living, spread of poverty and disease, undermining cultural unity
the technique of rapidly buying out another company's stock pioneered by Vanderbilt
hostile takeover
How did the McKinley Tarrif affect American business/economy?
It was so high that it halted international trade, thereby hurting the economy. It also was so high that American businesses lacked any foreign competition, so they were able to slack and operate less efficiently.
1. railroads rates must be reasonable and just
2. required all railroads to publish rates and financial reports
3. created the Interstate Commerce Commission to police railroads
Explain the difference between William Jennings Bryan and William McKinley's presidential campaigns
Bryan's was a whistle stop campaign, meaning he went around the country speaking to millions. McKinley conducted a front porch campaign, where the big industrialists paid for people to come to him
idea that human progress was best achieved through cooperation, not competition, so the government should help remove the barriers of poverty and ignorance for the general population
Reform Darwinism
What was the Cleveland Massacre?
When John D Rockefeller made a back room deal with the railroads to split his business among all of them, and in exchange they would charge other refineries exhorbitant amounts for shipping. This forced 22 out of 26 refineries in Cleveland out of business, which he also ensured by giving bankers Standard Oil stock so they would not loan the refineries money to survive. He then bought them all up and added them to his Standard Oil monopoly.