1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
What does Maslow’s theory suggest about the order of employee needs?
It suggests that lower-level needs (like food and safety) must be met before higher-level needs (like self-esteem and self-actualisation).
What are hygiene factors and what happens if they are missing?
They are basic needs like pay, job security, and working conditions. If missing, employees become dissatisfied.
What are the three key components of Vroom’s theory?
Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence.
What does Adams’ Equity Theory focus on?
Fairness — how employees compare their input/output ratio to others'.
What is an autocratic management style?
A style where the leader makes decisions alone with little or no input from employees.
How can a business meet an employee's safety needs?
By providing health insurance, a safe working environment, and job security.
What are motivators in Herzberg’s theory?
Factors that lead to job satisfaction, like achievement, recognition, and responsibility.
What does expectancy mean in Vroom’s theory?
The belief that effort will lead to improved performance.
What are inputs and outputs in this theory?
Inputs are what employees contribute (e.g., effort, skills). Outputs are what they receive (e.g., pay, recognition).
What is a key advantage and disadvantage of the autocratic style?
Advantage: fast decision-making. Disadvantage: low morale and creativity.
What workplace benefits can help satisfy belonging needs?
Good team relationships, social events, and positive workplace culture.
Why doesn’t improving hygiene factors lead to long-term motivation?
Because they only prevent dissatisfaction; they don’t inspire performance or engagement.
What is instrumentality in Vroom’s theory?
The belief that performance will lead to a reward.
What happens when employees perceive inequity?
They feel demotivated, may reduce effort, or seek to restore balance.
How does a participative manager involve their team?
By encouraging team input, idea sharing, and two-way communication.
What type of work helps employees reach self-actualisation?
Challenging tasks, creative opportunities, and recognition for innovation.
Give two examples of hygiene factors and two examples of motivators.
Hygiene: pay, job security. Motivators: recognition, promotion.
What is valence, and how does it influence motivation?
Valence is the value an individual places on the reward. Higher valence leads to stronger motivation.
How can managers apply Equity Theory in the workplace?
By treating employees fairly, recognising contributions, and ensuring similar roles receive similar rewards.
What is the situational leadership style?
A flexible approach where the manager adjusts their style depending on the team and situation.
Why can’t the same motivation strategy work for all employees, according to Maslow?
Because employees are at different levels in the hierarchy and have different needs.
How does Herzberg’s theory help managers design better jobs?
It shows that jobs should include opportunities for growth, challenge, and achievement to motivate workers.
How can a manager use Vroom’s theory to motivate employees?
By ensuring that rewards are linked to performance and are meaningful to the employee
Why is it important for HR to address perceived unfairness quickly?
Because perceived unfairness can reduce motivation, productivity, and increase staff turnover.
Why is situational leadership often effective in dynamic workplaces?
Because it adapts to employees’ needs, task urgency, and team skills.