Knee 1
This is the most common test for assessing the integrity of the ACL
Lachman's test
This condition is common to the rapidly growing immature adolescent’s knee due to repeated pulling by the patellar tendon.
Osgood–Schlatter disease
What are the bones that make up the knee joint
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
What is the biggest concern with a femur fracture?
Shock
•Immediate emergency assistance and medical referral is necessary to prevent shock and a life-threatening situation
The strongest bone in the human body.
Femur
This type of traction allows for side-to-side movement or directional changes
Rotational traction
These provide the most stability to a joint.
Ligaments
Explain the difference between valgus and varus.
•A valgus force moves from lateral to medial.
•A varus force moves from medial to lateral.
What athletes are most at risk for stress fractures of the pelvis?
What is the treatment for this condition?
Long distance runners
Rest for 2-5 months
Name 2 treatments for groin strains.
•Should be treated by intermittent ice, pressure, and rest for 48 to 72 hours.
•Rest.
•Use of a protective spica bandage until normal flexibility and strength return.
•A groin wrap using an elastic bandage can help support the area.
Name 3 things you do to care for a joint contusion
•Apply compression bandages and cold until resolution has occurred.
•Recommend inactivity and rest for 24 hours.
•If swelling occurs, continue cold application for 72 hours.
•If swelling and pain are intense, refer the athlete to the physician.
•Once the acute stage has ended and the swelling has diminished, cold application with active range-of-motion exercises should be conducted.
•Allow the athlete to return to normal activity, with protective padding, when pain and the initial irritation have subsided.
Name 3 ways to treat bursitis.
•Management usually follows a pattern of eliminating the cause, prescribing rest, and reducing inflammation.
•Use of elastic compression wraps and anti-inflammatory medication.
•When the bursitis is chronic or recurrent and the synovial lining of the joint capsule has thickened, a physician may cautiously use aspiration and a corticosteroid injection.
Name 3 ways we care for a patellar dislocation
•Immobilize the knee in the position it is in and apply ice around the joint.
•Refer to a physician for prompt reduction of the dislocation.
•Following reduction, the knee is immobilized for at least 4 weeks or longer, and the athlete is instructed to use crutches.
•All the muscles of the knee, thigh, and hip should be strengthened.
•After the immobilization period, a neoprene brace that has a horseshoe-shaped felt pad should be used to push the patella medially.
Name 2 ways to help prevent hip and thigh injuries.
Essential to maintain strength and flexibility of muscles of the hip, thigh, and pelvis.
A dynamic stretching program that focuses on quadriceps, hamstrings, and groin muscles must be followed by athletes.
Well-designed strengthening programs can also help in minimizing injuries.
•Squats, lunges, and leg presses.
•Core strengthening exercises.
•Compression by elastic bandage with the knee flexed to 120 degrees.
•Application of a cold medium can help control superficial hemorrhage.
•Great care must be taken to avoid the occurrence of another grade 2 or 3 contusions. (may use a crutch to help with walking)
•Use of padding for additional protection when engaged in sports activities.
•Begin performing isometric quadriceps contractions as soon as they can be tolerated.
•Avoid the use of heat or massage in the early styles of recovery.
Name 3 ways knee injuries can be prevented
Conditioning/Rehab
Shoe type
Shoe and Cleat design
Prophylactic and Functional knee braces
Name 2 ways to treat an PCL sprain.
•Immediate initiation of POLICE
•Nonoperative rehabilitation of grade 1 and 2 injuries should focus on quadriceps strengthening.
•Controversy exists as to whether a grade 3 PCL tear should be treated nonoperatively or with surgical intervention.
•Rehabilitation following surgery involves 6 weeks of immobilization in extension with full weight bearing on crutches.
Explain 3 things that occur with a Grade 1 MCL sprain
Few ligament fibers are torn or stretched.
The joint is stable during valgus stress tests.
Little or no joint effusion exists.
Some joint stiffness and point tenderness exist just below the medial joint line.
•Almost full passive and active range of motion exists.
What are 2 symptoms of a hip sprain?
•Circumduction of the thigh will not be possible.
•Symptoms are similar to a stress fracture. (Groin pain along with aching sensation in thigh that increases with activity and decreases with rest.)
•Significant pain in the hip region.
•Hip rotation increases pain.
What are 2 symptoms of piriformis syndrome?
What are 2 treatments for this syndrome?
•Pain, numbness, and tingling in the buttocks that may extend below the knees and into the feet.
•Pain may worsen as a result of sitting for a long period of time, climbing stairs, walking, or running.
•Stretching exercises and massage.
•Anti-inflammatory drugs.
•Cessation of running, bicycling, or similar activities.
•Corticosteroid injection for temporary relief.
•Surgery is an option in some cases.
Explain the most common cause of an ACL sprain.
Most likely to occur with deceleration, rotation, and valgus stress to the knee.
The most common noncontact mechanism for tearing the ACL is when the athlete decelerates with the foot planted on the ground.
Name 2 things that should be palpated when assessing the knee.
•The bony structures of the knee are palpated for areas of tenderness or pain or for deformities, which might indicate a fracture or dislocation.
•The LCL and MCL should be palpated for areas of tenderness.
•The joint line should be palpated all around the knee joint. Tenderness at the joint line may indicate injury to either the medial or lateral menisci or the joint capsule.
•Effusion develops gradually over 48 to 72 hours.
•Joint-line pain and loss of motion.
•Intermittent locking and giving way.
•Pain when squatting.
•Inability to perform a full squat or change direction quickly when running without experiencing pain.
What are 3 signs of a Grade 3 Quadriceps contusion?
•Represents a significant disability.
•The intensity of the blow splits the fasciae allowing the muscle to protrude.
•A deep intramuscular hematoma with an intermuscular spread is present.
•Severe pain and swelling may lead to the formation of a hematoma.
•Severely restricted knee flexion and motion are limited to 45 to 90 degrees.
•A pronounced limp.
Where in the femur do most fractures occur when related to sports?
What are 3 signs of a femur fracture?
•In sports, fractures often occur in the shaft.
Often takes place in the middle third of the bone because of the anatomical curve at this point and because the majority of direct blows are sustained in this area.
Signs of injury.
•Deformity, with the thigh rotated outward.
•A shortened thigh, caused by bone displacement.
•Loss of thigh function.
•Pain and point tenderness.
•Swelling of the soft tissues.