Free Will: People have complete control over all thoughts and actions
Determinism: Thoughts and behaviours are controlled by external forces
100
Define Nature and Nurture
Nurture: Psychological characteristics are influenced by our environment and out individual experiences
Nature: Psychological characteristics are influenced by genetic make up
100
Define holism and reductionism
Holism: Considers all part of a human as a whole and individual
Reductionism: Breaks behaviours down into their component parts
100
Define Idiographic and Nomothetic
Idiographic: individual experiences and uniqueness
Nomothetic: similarities between people that can make general laws
100
Name one of the five reasons why psychologists use the scientific approach
refer to pg. 346
200
Explain personal responsibility as what role it plays in the free will determinism debate
Technically we can do whatever we please but we do have a responsibility to abide by society rules and act justly. personal responsibility bridges the gap between each side by showing us that we can do as we please with certain external boundaries that should not be crossed.
200
What is nativism and empiricism? Who coined these terms?
Rene Descarte thought that some things were innate nature or heredity) in humans. Lock, Hume, and Mill thought that all knowledge came from experience
200
What is gestalt theory? What do they believe?
Gestalt theory states that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts". It believes that animals using insight learning and not just their automatic responses to stimuli.
200
What type of data does the idiographic approach collect? Give examples
It collects qualitative data. interviews, case studies, self-report measures, introspection, dream analysis
200
Common sense as a branch of psychology is called....
folk psychology
300
What is the difference between soft and hard determinism?
Hard determinism states that all human behaviour is determined by external forces that cannot be changed by the person. Soft determinism recognizes subjective experiences help determine our behaviour.
300
How does a shared environment affect people's behaviour
Shared environment generally results in similar IQ but no not can have the exact same life experiences so even if IQ and behaviour are similar everyone is different.
300
What did Wundt use to break down personal experiences?
Introspection
300
What are the three psychological approaches that exemplify the nomothetic appraoch?
Define experimenter bias and demand characteristics. How can we reduce them
Experimenter bias is when the experimenter affect the results of the study. Demand characteristics is when the participant acts a certain way to help the results. Using a double blind experimenter will counter balance this.
400
Name and explain the 3 types of determinism
Biological: thoughts and behaviours controlled by brain, genetic, hormones etc.
Environmental: thoughts and behaviours are controlled by your surroundings and the rewards and punishments you get
Psychic: thoughts and behaviours come from the unconcious
400
What does Gibson and Walk's (1960) visual cliff experiment tell us
Show innate depth perception in babies. This must be in their genes giving validity to the nature debate
400
Name one strength and one weakness for both holism and reductionism
Refer to pg. 342
400
Explain how the idiographic and nomothetic approaches can come together
Psychologists looking at personality traits could look at it from either perspective. They do not come together easily but topics can be studied from both perspectives and compared.
400
Kuhn called psychology a pre-science and coined the term paradigm. What is a pre-science and a paradigm?
Paradigm: a set of agreed upon subject matter that a science consists of
pre-science: a science that has too many approaches to be focused enough to be called a mature science
500
Why do you think that the psychodynamic theory is in the middle of the scale between determinism and free will?
Answers will vary.
500
Give an example of how nature and nurture interact
Answers will vary
500
Explain the structuralist approach to reductionism
Titchener developed the approach and said that psychology is the study of conscious experience that can be broken down into simple parts
500
Name one strength and one limitation of both ideographic an nomothetic approach
refer to pg. 345
500
Name two strengths and two weaknesses of the scientific approach to psychology