Hypothalamus Havoc
Which of these characteristics is exclusive to the endocrine system when compared with the nervous system?
a. relies on release of chemicals that bind to specific receptors
b. relies primarily on negative feedback mechanisms
c. uses epinephrine and norepinephrine as chemical messengers
d. effective in coordinating cell, tissue, and organ activities on a sustained, long-term basis
What is effective in coordinating cell, tissue, and organ activities on a sustained, long-term basis?
The endocrine system is regulated by a ____ feedback loop.
What is a negative feedback loop?
This butterfly-shaped gland, located in the neck, produces hormones that regulate metabolism.
a. pituitary
b. thyroid
c. adrenal
d. parathyroid
What is the thyroid land?
The parathyroid glands are located _____.
What is the posterior portion of the thyroid gland?
How many endocrine glands are in the human body?
What is 8?
- anterior/posterior pituitary
- pineal gland
- thyroid
- thymus
- adrenal
- pancreas
- ovary
- testis
What is one of the endocrine functions of the hypothalamus?
a. It secretes regulatory hormones that influence endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary gland.
b. It has autonomic centers that exert direct neural control over endocrine cells of the adrenal cortex.
c. Hypothalamic neurons synthesize hormones like ADH that increase the elimination of water from the body.
d. All of the above are co
What secretes regulatory hormones that influence endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary gland?
t/f: the posterior portion of the pituitary gland is responsible for secreting hormones.
What is false?
Which element is essential for the production of thyroid hormones like T3 and T4?
a. Calcium
b. Iron
c. Iodine
d. Potassium
What is Iodine?
The main effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is to increase blood calcium levels. Which of the following mechanisms does PTH use to raise calcium levels?
a. Stimulating the kidneys to excrete calcium
b. Inhibiting bone resorption
c. Stimulating the release of calcium from bone into the bloodstream
d. Increasing calcium absorption from the small intestine
What is stimulating the release of calcium from bone into the bloodstream?
t/f: hormones are proteins that are released from endocrine glands.
What is true?
If levels of calcium are low in the blood, what hormone would restore calcium to homeostasis?
a. calcitonin
b. parathyroid hormone
c. insulin
d. glucagon
What is the parathyroid hormone?
Which of the following is the most plentiful hormone in the anterior pituitary gland?
a. hGH
b. TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
c. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
d. CRH
What is human growth hormone?
This thyroid disorder is characterized by low levels of thyroid hormones, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance, while the other disorder involves excessive thyroid hormone production, resulting in symptoms like rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and heat intolerance.
a. Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis vs. Graves’ Disease
b. Hypothyroidism vs. Hyperthyroidism
c. Goiter vs. Cretinism
d. addison’s Disease vs. Cushing’s Syndrome
What is Hypothyroidism vs. Hyperthyroidism?
The human parathyroid glands are typically composed of four small glands. These glands are usually located on the posterior surface of the thyroid, in pairs. How many lobes are typically found in the parathyroid glands?
a. 2
b. 4
c. 3
d. 1
What is 4?
- 4 lobes (2 pairs)Hormone effects are ____ to begin and the effects are long lasting.
What is slow?
The hypothalamus controls the release of this hormone from the posterior pituitary that helps regulate water balance in the body.
a. Insulin
b. Oxytocin
c. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
d. Prolactin
What is the Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?
A deficiency in growth hormone during childhood can result in pituitary dwarfism. Which of the following is a key factor that influences the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary?
a. Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-1) from the liver
b. Dopamine levels in the hypothalamus
c. Cortisol from the adrenal glands
d. Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) from the hypothalamus
d. Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) from the hypothalamus
A patient from a region with low iodine intake presents with a noticeable swelling in their neck. The doctor suspects the thyroid gland has become enlarged due to a lack of iodine, which affects thyroid hormone production. What is the condition called when the thyroid gland becomes enlarged due to iodine deficiency, leading to a visible swelling in the neck?
What is a Goiter?
The removal of the parathyroid glands results in a decrease in the blood concentration of which important mineral?
a. calcium ions
b. phosphate ions
c. sodium ions
d. potassium ions
What are calcium ions?
These hormones are hydrophilic and typically travel in the bloodstream without the need for a carrier protein. They bind to receptors on the cell surface because they cannot pass through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. Examples include insulin and adrenaline. What type of hormones are they?
a. Lipid-soluble hormones
b. Water-soluble hormones
c. Steroid hormones
d. Thyroid hormones
What are water-soluble hormones?
A 30-year-old woman is in labor, and her uterus is not contracting effectively. Which hormone, produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary, is essential for stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth?
What is Oxytocin?
Which of the following best describes the role of the anterior pituitary in the endocrine feedback system?
a. It functions solely to secrete thyroid hormones
b. It secretes hormones that stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from other glands
c. It directly controls the body’s immune response
d. It produces hormones that regulate the production of red blood cells
b. It secretes hormones that stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from other glands
This hormone is produced by the thyroid gland but has a much lower biological activity than T3 and T4. It plays a role in regulating calcium metabolism by inhibiting osteoclast activity in bones.
a. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
b. Calcitonin
c. Aldosterone
d. Cortisol
What is Calcitonin?
These are the 2 parathyroid gland cell types: chief cells & _____.
What are oxyphil cells?
A patient has been receiving high doses of a specific hormone for several weeks. Over time, the target cells become less responsive to the hormone, requiring even higher doses for the same effect. This is an example of _____.
a. upregulation
b. feedback inhibition
c. downregulation
d. positive feedback loop