Congress of Vienna
Who was the Austrian foreign minister that dominated the era of the Concert of Europe?
Klemens von Metternich
Who led revolution in Gran Colombia?
Simon Bolivar
What were Guiseppe Garibaldi's forces called?
The Red Shirts
What was Otto von Bismark's position?
Chancellor of Prussia
What is realpolitik?
the politics of reality, or politics that pursue national interests at any cost (ends justify the means)
What were the members of the Quintuple Alliance?
Russia, Prussia, Austria, France, and Britain
How is Brazil's revolutions different from the rest?
Brazil became independant when a member of the royal family, Dom Pedro, declared the empire separate from his father (the King's) rule in Portugal. It was not an overthrow of the existing government
Who was the founder of Young Italy?
Guiseppe Mazzini
The Franco-Prussian war was caused by what issue?
A Hohenzollern on the Spanish throne, which would surround France by two powerful Hohenzollern powers.
What political system did Austria-Hungary have after 1866? Who was the leader?
Dual Monarchy; Franz Josef I
How did the Congress of Veinna regain control of revolutionary governments after Napoleon?
They reinstated the royal families in countries like France that had previously overthrown them (Louis XVIII)
What discontent in society led to the revolutions in Latin America?
Massive inequality led to discontent. Peninsulares held all of the power, land, and wealth in the Spanish colonies. This especially angered Criollos, who were also of European descent. The people wanted a say in their own government and who held power.
Why did Cavour join the Crimean War when he had no issue with Russia?
He joined to make friend's with France in anticipation of a future conflict with Austria over Lombardy and Venetia
Why did Bismark want war with Austria?
He wanted to assert Prussian dominance and take the territory of Holstein from Austria.
What is a nation-state?
When a countries political and cultural boundaries match and the people are aware of it. They share traditions, language etc.
What were the three goals of the Concert of Europe?
Restore the balance of power among all the major empires, restore absolute power in those empires, and squash revolutions (liberalism and nationalism) in their empires
Who was Porfirio Diaz and how did he change Mexico?
He was a dictator who seized power in the midst of revolution in Mexico. He industrialized the country, but by allowing foreign companies to come in, not by creating companies that benefited the mexican people. He also gave the church immense power and reduced indigenous people to slavery. (This is all why he is later overthrown in the Mexican Revolution by Madero)
How does Camillo di Cavour achieve italian unification by working with Garibaldi?
Garibaldi had taken over significant territory in the Italian peninsula. Cavour convinces his to not attack Rome, because that would provoke France, and to unite his conquests with the Kingdom of Sardinia and form the Kingdom of Italy under Victor Emmanual II
How does Bismark keep the neighboring empires neutral in the Austro-Prussian war?
Russia is neutral because Prussia did not help Poland's revolution against them
France is neutral because Bismark promised Napoleon III he would help him invade Belgium
Italy is supportive because he promises them Venetia
What is the definition of classical liberalism?
support for civil liberties (individual rights, written constitutions etc), economic freedom (no feudalism or control by aristocracy), and small government (no absolute monarchs)
What led to the weakening and decline of the Alliance system in Europe?
Britain stopped cooperating and actually supported some revolutions to gain the upper hand in trade. This led to the success of Latin American revolutions that made the Alliance system look weak.
How were the free nations of Latin America hindered by foreign interferance politically and economically?
When they achieved independence, outside nations forced them to buy goods from their countries in exchange for recognition as a free country. This led to a lack of development of industry in the Latin American nations themsevles, and made them basically single exporters of raw goods (basically stuck in a mercantilist system). Their governments were also overthrown at times to advance the economic interests of foreign powers like the United States (Guatemala)
What date was Italy unified?
March 17, 1861
Why does Bismark alter the Ems dispatch?
1. He wants to anger the French and get them to declare war on him instead of vice versa
2. He wants to culturally German provinces to the south (that are controlled by France) to join his side in the event of war
(the whole reason he wants war is to get these provinces)
Explain the US intervention in Guatemala in 1954
Guatemala elected Jacobo Arbenz, who wanted to take unused land from the United Fruit Company and make it availabe to Guatemalans. Guatemalans were extremely poor and had no access to land, and the United Fruit Company held 45% of the land in the country (but only used 15% of that land). The UFC enlists help from the CIA and overthrows Arbenz government, installing a brutal dictator, Carlos Castillo Armas