HOUSING & LIVING CONDITIONS
These overcrowded apartment buildings housed immigrant families in cramped, dark, poorly ventilated rooms with shared bathrooms and minimal sanitation.
What are tenements?
Chicago's dominance in this industry was closely tied to railroads that brought livestock from western ranches to urban processing centers.
What is meatpacking (or meat processing)?
This founder of Tuskegee Institute promoted vocational education for African Americans and urged accommodation to segregation in his controversial "Atlanta Compromise" speech.
Who is Booker T. Washington?
This movement, led by women like Frances Willard and the Women's Christian Temperance Union, sought to ban alcohol to protect families and society.
What is the Temperance Movement (or Prohibition movement)?
These factors explain why people left their home countries - such as poverty, religious persecution, political oppression, or lack of land.
What are push factors?
Urban areas often lacked proper sewage systems and clean water, leading to outbreaks of these diseases including cholera, typhoid, and tuberculosis.
What are infectious/communicable diseases (accept specific diseases)?
Pittsburgh became the center of this industry, which provided the essential material for building railroads, bridges, skyscrapers, and machinery.
What is steel (or steel production)?
This labor leader founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and focused on organizing skilled workers to fight for better wages and working conditions.
Who is Samuel Gompers?
This belief, misapplying Darwin's theories to society, argued that the wealthy deserved their success because they were the "fittest" in economic competition.
What is Social Darwinism?
These factors explain why people chose to come to America - such as jobs, land, freedom, and opportunities advertised by railroad companies.
What are pull factors?
Many industrial towns were controlled by companies that owned these - where workers lived and shopped, often falling into debt to their employers.
What are company towns?
This industry, centered in cities like New York, employed thousands of immigrant women who sewed clothing in crowded workshops for piece-rate wages.
What is the garment industry (or textile/clothing manufacturing)?
This Chicago social reformer founded Hull House in 1889 and later won the Nobel Peace Prize for her work helping immigrants and advocating for social reforms.
Who is Jane Addams?
This ideology, promoted by the Socialist Party and Eugene Debs, argued that capitalism itself was the problem and that workers should own the means of production.
What is socialism?
This 1882 law was the first to ban immigration from an entire nation, prohibiting laborers from China from entering the United States.
What is the Chinese Exclusion Act?
This 1871 disaster destroyed 3.5 square miles of Chicago and left a third of residents homeless, but the city quickly rebuilt and continued its spectacular growth.
What is the Great Chicago Fire?
The extractive industry of this resource - powering steam engines and heating homes - was incredibly dangerous, with frequent mine collapses, explosions, and lung disease.
What is coal mining?
This muckraking journalist wrote "The Jungle" in 1906, exposing the horrific conditions in Chicago's meatpacking plants and accidentally inspiring food safety laws.
Who is Upton Sinclair?
This movement fought for women's right to vote, finally achieving success with the 19th Amendment in 1920 after decades of activism.
What is the women's suffrage movement?
This anti-immigrant sentiment and movement feared that new arrivals (especially from Southern and Eastern Europe) threatened American culture and jobs.
What is nativism?
Middle-class families began moving to these residential areas outside city centers, made possible by streetcars and commuter railroads, creating the first commuter culture.
What are suburbs?
John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil dominated this industry, which became essential for lighting (kerosene) and later for automobiles (gasoline).
What is oil refining (or petroleum)?
This powerful banker essentially controlled American finance, organizing corporate mergers, bailing out the U.S. Treasury in 1893, and later giving his art collection to found a famous New York museum.
Who is J.P. Morgan?
This religious movement, promoted by ministers like Washington Gladden and Walter Rauschenbusch, argued that Christians had a duty to address social problems like poverty and inequality.
What is the Social Gospel movement?
These organizations - such as churches, mutual aid societies, and ethnic clubs - helped immigrants maintain their language, culture, and traditions in America.
What are cultural/ethnic organizations (accept: fraternal organizations, benevolent societies, etc.)?