Scientific Names
One reason common names are not useful to biologists.
They can apply to more than one animal and vary based on location.
Groups that have biological meaning at any level of organization are called ______.
Taxa or Taxon
The grouping of organisms based on their common descent is called ______ classification.
Evolutionary classification.
The two domains composed only of unicellular organisms.
Archaea and Bacteria.
What does the presence of similar DNA in giant pandas and red pandas tell scientists?
They are more closely related than physical traits alone suggest.
According to the rules of binomial nomenclature, which part of the name is capitalized?
The genus name only.
Several different classes make up a ______.
Phylum
Cladistic analysis focuses on what kind of traits?
Derived characters.
Which kingdom contains heterotrophs with cell walls of chitin?
Fungi.
Why might the common use of microscopes have affected Linnaeus’s original classification system?
Microscopes revealed new cell structures and details that showed evolutionary relationships beyond physical traits
The two smallest taxonomic categories in Linnaeus’s system
Genus and species.
Traditional classifications primarily relied on what kind of traits?
Visible similarities and differences (physical traits).
Similar DNA sequences in very different organisms imply what about their ancestry?
They share a common ancestor.
All organisms in Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia belong to which domain?
Eukarya.
Compare and contrast kingdom Fungi and kingdom Plantae.
Fungi are heterotrophic with chitin cell walls; plants are autotrophic with cellulose cell walls. While they both of cell walls they take in nutrition differently.
The use of a two-part scientific name for organisms is called _______.
Binomial nomenclature.
In evolutionary classification, species within one genus should have what relationship to each other?
Be more closely related to one another than and share a more recent common ancestor
What does a cladistic analysis show about organisms?
The relative degrees of relatedness among lineages.
Simple: how closely related they are
The three-domain system arose when scientists found that Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were more ______ than previously thought.
Dissimilar.
How does cladistic analysis determine the order in which species evolved?
By analyzing derived characteristics to build a branching evolutionary tree.
To be useful, a scientific name must refer to what?
Universally Accepted and Specific to a Species
Why is the kingdom Protista not valid under evolutionary classification?
Protista can not be grouped by a single common ancestor. There is no way to put all unicellular organisms into a single clade.
What cell structures in eukaryotic cells contain DNA that can be used to determine evolutionary relationships?
Nuclei and mitochondria
Name one reason the three-domain system is a more valid reflection of evolutionary history than the six-kingdom system.
It’s based on molecular (DNA/RNA) evidence showing deeper evolutionary splits. It is more inclusive.
Why might size and shape not be reliable indicators of how closely organisms are related?
Convergent evolution can cause unrelated organisms to look alike OR Many species can share common physically traits while not sharing a closely related common ancestor.
EX Taking a bear cub home and thinking it is a puppy