A
What is hypoxia?
A low tissue oxygen concentration
Which immature blood cell, accounting for less than 1% of the RBC population, is found in the blood?
Reticulocytes
What two components make up blood?
Plasma & Formed elements
What are two groups of white blood cells (WBCs) based on their appearance after staining?
Granular leukocytes & Agranular leukocytes
What is hemolysis?
The rupture of RBCs in the bloodstream
What enzyme converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin?
Thrombin
What are the 3 major plasma proteins?
Albumin, Globulins, & Fibrinogen
Which organ synthesizes and releases 90% of plasma proteins?
Liver
What occurs during hematopoiesis?
Production of formed elements
What is the scientific name for hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
What two gases are transported by hemoglobin?
Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide
Which ion and which vitamin affect almost every aspect of the clotting process?
Calcium ions & Vitamin K
Which type of specialized tissue is blood?
Specialized connective tissue that contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix
What two toxic compounds are released by eosinophils?
Nitric oxide & Cytotoxic enzymes
Which cells carry out immune surveillance and are important in preventing cancer?
Natural killer cells which are lymphocytes
What are 3 types of formed elements?
Platelets (Thrombocytes), White blood cells (Leukocytes), & Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
What occurs to RBCs if there is a transfusion reaction?
They agglutinate and may hemolyze
What two molecules are found in basophil granules?
Histamine & Heparin
What kind of hemoglobin molecule whose iron is not bound to oxygen?
Deoxyhemoglobin
1. What type of surface antigens does type AB blood have?
2. What type of antibodies does a person with type AB blood have?
1. Surface antigens A & B
2. Neither antibodies
Which four types of WBCs are part of the body’s non-specific defenses?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, & Monocytes
What is positive chemotaxis?
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical
For what purpose would an arterial puncture be used?
Collection of blood from an artery for blood gas analysis
What is hemophilia?
An inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly
What is jaundice? What molecule causes the yellowing of the eyes and skin?
Jaundice is a yellow coloration of the skin and eyes caused by a buildup of the molecule bilirubin
What is the difference between leukopoiesis and lymphocytopoiesis?
Leukopoiesis is WBC production and Lymphocytopoiesis is lymphocyte production
1. Neutrophils can undergo a respiratory burst. What is a respiratory burst?
2. What two chemicals are released after a respiratory burst occurs?
1. A respiratory burst is when a neutrophil encounters a bacterium, it quickly engulfs the invader, and the metabolic rate of the neutrophil increases dramatically.
2. The two chemicals released are Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) & Superoxide anions (O2-)
What is the intrinsic factor and what is its function? Where is it produced?
Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb vitamin B, and it is produced in the stomach
What are the 3 types of WBC granulocytes and the 2 types of agranulocytes?
Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, & Basophils
Agranulocytes: Monocytes & Lymphocytes
What is the major role of platelets?
Release chemicals important for the clotting process, Temporarily patch damaged vessel walls, & Reduce the size of a break in a vessel wall