A
What toxin is made by no other Shigella sp. except Shigella dysenteriae, and can cause hemolytic uremic syndrome?
Shiga toxin
Which 2 viruses are the most common cause of gastroenteritis (the “stomach flu”)?
Rotavirus & Norovirus
Which hepatitis virus causes the most common chronic bloodborne infection in the United States?
Hepatitis C
What is diarrhea accompanied by pain, blood, and/or mucus?
Dysentery
What is the presence of virions in the blood?
Viremia
What is the main bacterial species that causes gastritis and stomach ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
What bacterial species is on the top of the CDCs list of emerging public healthcare threats and is among the most common causes of healthcare-acquire infection, and can cause pseudomembranous colitis?
Clostridioides difficile
Upper and lower GI endoscopy can determine the presence of tissue damage and inflammation in the GI tract. What can’t these procedure determine?
Precise microbe responsible
What is low blood volume due to loss of blood or severe dehydration, and can lead to organ failure?
Hypovolemic shock
Are EMB and MAC media general nutritional media, selective, differential, or selective and differential media?
Selective & differential media
Which species of tapeworm is known as the dwarf tapeworm and is the single most common cause of human tapeworm infection?
Hymenolepis nana
Which 2 organic macromolecules begin the digestive process in the mouth?
Lipid & Carbohydrate
What is the main bacterial species that causes dental carries?
Streptococcus mutans
What protozoan causes amebiasis, also known as amebic dysentery?
Entamoeba histolytica
1. What toxin-producing fungus can cause food poisoning?
2. What is the name of the toxin?
1. Aspergillus flavus toxin
2. Alfatoxin
What 2 serovars of Salmonella enterica that cause most cases of Salmonella-associated diarrhea and dysentery?
Enteritidis & Typhimurium
Oocysts from which apicomplexan parasite causes cryptosporidiosis?
Cryptosporidium species (C. parvum & C. hominis)
What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?
Salivary glands, Liver, Gallbladder, & Pancreas
1. What type of microbe causes mumps?
2. Which salivary gland is mainly infected?
1. RNA virus
2. Parotid glands
1. Which roundworm causes hookworm infection?
2. What helminth causes ascariasis?
1. Necator americanus
2. Ascaris lumbricoides
Which protozoan is the most common intestinal parasite in the United States, and it can cause “traveler’s diarrhea”?
Giardia Lamblia, Giardiasis
Which 2 prophylaxes are administered to a newly delivered baby if the mother is infected with HBV?
HBV vaccine & an antibody preparation called HBIG (hepatitis B immune globulin)
1. What roundworm causes trichinellosis?
2. Schistosoma haematobium, S. japonicum, and S. mansoni cause which illness?
1. Trichinella (T. spiralis)
2. Blood flukes
What is cirrhosis?
Scarring of the liver; can be caused by hepatitis B virus infection
What is botulism and what pathogen causes it?
Type of food poisoning from spore-forming Clostridium botulinum
What helminth mainly infects cattle? (FYI: this is why it is commonly known as “beef tapeworm”)
Taenia species (T. saginata)
Ingestion of which helminth’s eggs causes cysticercosis?
T. solium eggs
1. What helminth is commonly known as fish tapeworm?
2. Which roundworm causes pinworm infection?
1. Diphyllobothrium latum
2. Enterobius vermicularis
Our normal gut microbiota uses several strategies to decrease the chances of an incoming pathogen establishing itself in the gut. What are these strategies?
– Limit available surfaces for colonization
– Compete for nutrients
– Excrete antimicrobial products
– Assist in digestion
– Provide nutrients for the body
What are the organs that comprise the upper and lower GI tract?
Upper GI tract: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, & stomach
Lower GI tract: Small and large intestines, rectum, & anus
What is Periodontitis?
Inflammation and eventual erosion of the bone that surrounds the tooth
What are the most common ways that Hepatitis B (HBV) is transmitted?
- Through direct contact with bodily fluids or open sores from an infected individual
- Sexual contact with an infected partner
- Sharing HBV-contaminated needles
-Razors
-Sharing toothbrushes can lead to infection
What is dental plaque?
A complex biofilm created by the attachment of bacteria to the tooth enamel; Streptococcus and Actinomyces species are among the first to begin attaching to the tooth enamel to form plaque; the presence of plaque promotes tooth decay because it holds resident bacteria close to the tooth enamel.
What is Septic shock?
A dangerously advanced stage of sepsis in which the body’s organs start to shut down; has a 20–30 percent mortality rate
What is Purpura?
A rash of purple spots/bruising caused by red blood cell lysis and/or capillary destruction rather than by external physical trauma