2.1 The Colonization on New France in the early 17th century
Mercantilism
Economic theory in which the prosperity and power of a nation are based on the accumulation of precious metals
GOLD AND SILVER!
Define Engage
A person with a 3 year contract who worked in New France who would be given the option to remain there or return after the contract expired.
what was established in 1663
Royal Government by Louis XIV The sun king
name the 3 social classes
Nobility
clergy
third estate (mostly peasants, poor, few exceptions)
name the 2 main objectives and reasons for the conflict between Britain and France in the colonies
The 2 powers wanted to control the fur trade and expand their territories
Both contested the territory around the Hudson Bay
New France had 2 roles for the mother country. Name both.
1. provide resources to France (furs)
2. Act as a market to purchase manufactured goods from France/Mother Country
What was the largest chartered company? what year was it formed? What made it different?
Company of 100 associates, 1627. Was controlled by the state
Who was in charge of what?
King in charge of everything
Minister of Marine oversaw colonies
Governor General ran external affairs (English and Indigenous relations, military)
Intendant ran Internal affairs (economy, settlers)
Name the inhabitants from the St. Lawrence Valley and Maritime regions
Canadiens (st. Lawrence) and Acadians (maritimes)
What wars caused issues in North America?
The war of the League of Augsburg (1689-1697) to end Louis XIV expansion
War of Spanish Succession 1701-1713, Great Britain gaining part of Acadia, the newly created colony of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland as well as the contested territory of the Hudson Bay
The War of the Austrian Succession (1744-1748)
no territory really lost or gained
What's a monopoly and who had them? over what?
Monopoly is exclusive rights to exploit a resource/access to a resource
Chartered companies were granted monopolies over the fur trade in exchange to settle people and evangelize Indigenous
Were chartered companies successful? Why/why not?
Who could take up arms in New France? what was the difference?
1. Militia. Volunteers called upon during warfare. NOT professionals and not paid by the state
2. Soldiers: Professional soldiers trained in combat. paid
What did Canadien culture look like?
ACCLIMITAZATION: Influence from the harsh, free landscape and Indigenous relations/influences led to warmer clothes, native tech like snow shoes and canoes, and a focus on independence meaning less obedience to authority. Farmers known as Habitants.
What happened at the end of the seven years' war (and what year)?
1756-63, France loses New France and gives total control over to Great Britain
first permanent settlement (year, who founded it)
Quebec city, 1608 founded by Samuel de Champlain
Who were the Algonquian allied with? Iroquois?
Algonquian = French (+ Innu, Maliseet)
Iroquois = Dutch and English
constant warfares
Explain the filles du Rois
King's daughters, usually orphans. 7-800 sent over to New France to even out the demographic weight and to increase the birthrate to increase New France's population. They brought over a dowry which are valuables that they bring to a marriage which was usually furniture. Fairly successful
Why was economic diversification difficult?
Specialized labour was rare and expensive
Some resources were far from the cities, Making their exploitation costly
The St. Lawrence was frozen for almost 5 months of the year
Which 2 famous people died during the historical Battle of the Plains of Abraham?
Montcalm (French) Wolfe (english)
British won (French had terrible defense tactics like facing English head on and abandoning their forts on higher elevation)
Missions, Missionary, domicile. Describe them
Missions are places set up to house religious people and domiciles,
Missionaries are people on a religious crusade to evangelize others (refers to the person or the mission to do it itself)
Domiciles are converted Indigenous who live on these missions
Describe the seigneurial system
A mode of social organization (land division) in which a Seigneur (rich men/landlords, usually nobles, officers, admins) were granted land by the king
The land was broken into rectangular plots (Censives) and rented out to censitaries in exchange for dues/rent
Why? near water, easy to plow, close to neighbors
Corvee system of manual work for a set number of hours each year
Explain the changes to the fur trade
1663, everyone could participate but then beaver pop dropped and fur prices dropped due to overflow
1681 conge de traite licenses to hunt. These men then delegated tasks to voyageurs who were employed by them to engage in the fur trade (the legwork)
led to a beaver crisis and many trading posts and forts were closed in 1696 much to the dismay of settlers as it would hurt Indigenous relations
BONUS 1701 great peace of Montreal
Triangle trade, explain
Three major principles:
Ships are never empty
NF and the West Indies export raw materials (fish, fur, wood, plantation products like sugar)
France exports finished products (tools, cloth, luxury goods, weapons)
How did the seven years war end?
1763 Treaty of Paris, both sides suffered heavy losses and it was costly. Nobody wanted to keep going
France kept a few sugar colonies but gave up New France to GB
They were happy to get rid of it as they believed New France was a giant headache at this point