A
Describe the Cell Theory.
The Cell Theory states that all living organisms are composed of cells, cells are the smallest unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
What are cells mainly composed of?
Cells are mostly made up of water (70%-75%).
What are at least three functions of cell structures?
Some functions of cell structures are supporting a cell, moving a cell, controlling cell activities, processing energy, and transporting molecules.
What are at least three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells (usually 10X bigger). Eukaryotic cells are more complex, possessing membrane-bound organelles while prokaryotic cells have no nucleus or other organelles. In eukaryotic cells, genetic material is found within a nucleus, while in prokaryotic cells genetic material floats freely within the cytoplasm.
How do materials enter and leave cells?
Materials enter and leave cells through a membrane using passive transport or active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
Describe the relationship between the ratio of surface area to volume in cells.
The ratio of surface area to volume in cells limits the size of a cell. In a smaller cell, the high surface-area-to-volume ratio allows materials to move easily to all parts of a cell.
How do living cells release energy?
All living cells release energy from food molecules through cellular respiration and/or fermentation.
How do some cells make food molecules?
Some cells make food molecules using light energy through the process of photosynthesis.
What is the word origin of photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis comes from the Greek words “photo” (meaning light) and "synthesis" (meaning composition or to make).
Substances formed by joining smaller molecules together are called _____.
macromolecules
The _____ consists of proteins joining together to create fiber-like structures inside cells.
cytoskeleton
The movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called_____.
diffusion
A process that uses oxygen to convert energy from food into ATP is _____.
cellular respiration
What are the three examples of structures that are responsible for the shape of a cell?
Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoskeleton
What basic substances make up a cell?
The basic substances that make up a cell are lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
Describe the functions of vesicles and the golgi apparatus.
The golgi apparatus prepares proteins for their specific jobs or functions. Vesicles are responsible for transport of proteins.
Trace the changes that energy undergoes between its original source and an animal’s food.
Light energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis and is stored in glucose molecules. When animals eat the glucose in food, the energy is released during cellular respiration.
Why is surface area important for cell transport?
The surface area determines the measurements of the cell membrane and the cell membrane determines what goes in and out of cells (i.e. food molecules coming in and waste going out). As volume increases, the surface area will increase meaning you will have greater need for food to enter, waste to exit, etc.
What are three ways in which cells obtain energy?
Photosynthesis, cellular respiration, fermentation
The movement of substances from a lower to higher concentration using a cell's energy is known as _____?
Active transport
The movement of substances from a lower to higher concentration without using a cell's energy is known as _____?
passive transport
The movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane is known as _____.
osmosis
In _____, molecules pass through a cell membrane using special proteins called transport proteins.
facilitated diffusion
Red blood cells and veins are part of the circulatory system (also known as the cardiovascular system), which pumps blood and oxygen throughout the body to major organs such as the brain.
1. Describe how the structure of the blood cells relate to their function.
2. What might one negative consequence be if the cells were larger and shaped like triangles (think about how this might impact other parts of the body)?
Red blood cells are disc-shaped and this allows them to be flexible and flow smoothly through veins. If blood cells were triangular-shaped, they might get stuck in the veins. This would cause a blood clot and prevent blood from reaching major organs, causing illness and eventually death.
Calculate the surface area-to-volume ratio of a cube with sides that are 2 cm long.
3:1