What is the name given to elements or compounds which enter into a chemical reaction?
What are reactants?
100
What is the name for substances which lower a chemical reaction's activation energy?
What are catalysts?
100
Reactants in an enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction are called what?
What are substrates?
100
What is another name for the "unfolding" of an enzyme?
What is denaturing?
100
What type of biological macromolecules are enzymes?
What are proteins?
200
The energy required to start a chemical reaction is called what?
What is activation energy?
200
What type of chemical reactions require an input of energy to get started?
What are endothermic and exothermic reactions?
200
Substrates bind to their enzymes at what special location?
What is an active site?
200
What do we call the specific temperature and specific pH at which an enzyme functions best?
What are the optimal temperature and optimal pH?
200
What type of monomers make up an enzyme?
What are amino acids?
300
What happens to chemical bonds during a chemical reaction?
What is existing bonds are broken (this requires energy) and new bonds are formed (this releases energy)?
300
What does a catalyst do to a chemical reaction's activation energy?
What is it lowers it?
300
Which of the following are enzymes? Catalase, catecholase, lactase, gelatin, pectinase, glucose
What are catalase, catecholase, lactase, and pectinase?
300
How do regulatory molecules control the activity of enzymes?
What is they are chemical signals which act to turn enzymes on (enhance activity) or off (inhibit or decrease activity)?
300
What are catalysts and how do they work?
What is catalysts speed up the rate of chemical reactions by lowering their activation energy?
400
Explain the difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions. In your explanation tell which type of reaction has a higher activation energy.
What is endothermic reactions are those which absorb energy (and have a higher activation energy) while exothermic reactions release energy?
400
Compare the activation energies of a catalyzed reaction to an uncatalyzed reaction.
What is the activation energy for an uncatalyzed reaction is higher whereas the activation energy for a catalyzed reaction is lower?
400
What analogy do we use to explain how enzymes "fit together" with their substrate? Use this analogy to explain enzyme specificity.
What is the lock and key analogy - enzymes have shapes which complement their substrates and there is only one enzyme for one substrate (keep in mind however, enzymes may have more than one substrate)?
400
At what temperature(s) do the enzymes in our cells work best at? Provide this answer in degrees Celsius and Fahrenheit. At what pH values do the enzymes in our cells work best at?
What is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit or 37 degrees Celsius and varying pH values such as 7 in the mouth and bloodstream and 2-3 in the stomach?
400
Compare how animals obtain energy to how plants obtain energy.
What is animals like humans eat other living organisms to obtain energy while plants obtain energy from sunlight to make their own food for energy?
500
Compare the energy of the reactants and products in both endothermic and exothermic reactions.
What is in endothermic reactions, the reactants have less energy than their products while in exothermic reactions, the reactants have more energy than their products?
500
Why are catalysts needed to make certain chemical reactions possible? In other words, why can't some chemical reactions occur naturally (without a catalyst)?
What is because some chemical reactions are too slow or require too much energy to get started, so catalysts are needed to lower their activation energy to occur?
500
Explain how an enzyme-catalyzed reaction occurs. Be specific.
What is a substrate or substrate(s) bind to the active site of the enzyme (which is complementary to the shape of the substrate(s)), the substrates react to produce products, the products are released from the enzyme, and its active site is now free to be filled with another substrate (the enzyme is not used up nor does it react with its substrates)?
500
Explain what happens to enzyme activity as substrate concentration is increased.
What is enzyme activity increases as substrate concentration increases but maxes out when all of the active sites on the enzymes are filled?
500
What occurs when an enzyme denatures? Be as specific as possible.
What is the enzyme uncoils or unfolds into an amino acid chain, the active site is lost so its substrates cannot bind, and the reaction rate slows and eventually stops?