pH Scale
The range of numbers used in the pH scale is ___ to ___.
0 to 14
Which layer of the hair is located directly beneath the cuticle, and is responsible for the strength and elasticity of the hair?
Cortex
Which compounds are made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur?
Amino acids
________ give you the ability to permanently change the hair's natural wave and curl pattern.
Chemical Texture Services
What determines the size of the curl in a permanent waving process?
Size of the rod
Most acid waves used in salons have a pH value between ___ and ___.
a) 7.4 and 8.1
b) 7.8 and 8.2
c) 5.8 and 6.2
7.8 and 8.2
What tough exterior layer of hair has the purpose of surrounding the inner layers and protecting the hair from damage?
Cuticle
Which chemical bonds, also known as end bonds, join amino acids together, end to end in long chains, to form a polypeptide chain?
Peptide Bonds
In permanent waving, the shape and type of curl are determined by the shape and type of rod and the ________.
Wrapping method
What is another name for the double-rod wrap technique?
Piggyback Wrap
The pH scale measures the ______ and _______ of a substance by measuring the quantity of hydrogen ions.
Acidity and Alkalinity
What is the innermost layer of the hair? Does everyone have it?
Medulla; No
What are the three types of side bonds?
In permanent waving, the reduction reaction is due to the addition of _______.
Hydrogen
What is a very effective technique for blending between perm rods with opposite base directions using zigzag parting to divide base areas?
Weave Technique
The term pH is an abbreviation for ________ ________.
Potential Hydrogen
In what layer of the hair do chemical processes take place?
Cortex
What chemical side bonds are formed when tow sulfur type chains are joined together?
Disulfide Bonds
Ammonia-free does not necessarily mean.....
Damage free
Also known as the straight set wrap?
Basic Permanent Wrap
Alkaline waves have a pH between _____ and _____.
a) 9.0 and 9.6
b) 8.7 and 9.0
c) 4.8 and 5.2
9.0 and 9.6
Why do chemical texturizers temporarily raise the pH of the hair to an alkaline state?
To Soften and Swell the cuticle
Explain how each side bond can be broken.
Disulfide- chemical processes
Salt- change in pH
Hydrogen- Water and heat
All acid waves have three components: permanent waving lotion, neutralizer, and _________
Activator
The two methods of wrapping the hair are _____ and _______.
croquignole and spiral