Chemicals and textures
The active ingredient or reducing agent in alkaline permanent waves is __.
What is Ammonium thioglycolate?
The second factor in the overall strength of the waving solution.
What is the Degree of alkalinity?
Alkaline waves, also known as __, were developed in 1941.
What are Cold waves?
Most alkaline permanent waves have a pH between __.
What is 9.0 and 9.6?
The main active ingredient in true acid and acid-balanced waving lotions.
What is Glyceryl monothioglycolate?
All acid waves have three compounds: permanent waving lotion, neutralizer, and __.
What is Activator?
Most acid waves used in salons have a pH value between __.
What is 7.8 and 8.2?
Modern acid waves are actually __ waves, which are permanent waves that have a 7.0 or neutral pH.
What is Acid-balanced?
Exothermic waves create a chemical reaction that heats the waving solution and speeds up __.
What is Processing?
Waves that are activated from an outside heat source, such as a conventional hood-type hair dryer, are __ waves.
What is Endothermic?
__ waves are perms using an ingredient that does not evaporate as readily as ammonia, so that there is very little odor associated with their use.
What is Ammonia-free?
It is important for stylists to remember that ammonia-free does not necessarily mean __.
What is Damage-free?
These waving solutions use an ingredient other than ATG, such as cysteamine or mercaptamine, as the primary reducing agent.
What is Thio-free?
__ waves are permanent solutions based on sulfites, considered very weak, and are usually marketed as body waves or alternative waves.
What is Low-pH?
In permanent waving, most of the processing takes place as soon as the solution penetrates the hair, within the first __.
What is 5-10 minutes?
Hair that has too many broken disulfide bonds and will not hold a firm curl is considered __.
What is Overprocessed?
Overprocessed hair that is further processed will become __ and cause further damage, including breakage.
What is Straighter?
The process that stops the action of permanent wave solution and rebuilds the hair into its new form is called __.
What is Thio neutralization?
The most common neutralizer.
What is Hydrogen peroxide?
The most common type of perm rod.
What are Concave rods?
The perm rods are equal in diameter along their entire length or curling area.
What are Straight rods?
The soft foam perm rods are usually about 12 inches (30.5 centimeters) long with a uniform diameter along the entire length of the rod.
What are Soft bender rods?
__, also known as circle rods, are usually about 12 inches (30.5 centimeters) long with a uniform diameter along the entire length of the rod, and are secured by fastening the ends together to form a loop.
What are Loop rods?
The __ is a perm wrap in which one end paper is placed under and another is placed over the strand of hair being wrapped, providing the most control over the hair ends.
What is Double flat wrap?
The __ uses only one end paper, placed over the top of the hair strand.
What is Single flat wrap?