A
What is the main sign of genital herpes, described as “dewdrops on a rose petal”?
Lesions
What type of microbe is Trichomonas vaginalis?
Protist parasite
What are lymph nodes that become severely swollen and painful with regions of necrosis; in lymphogranuloma venereum they may rupture?
Buboes
What is Cystitis?
An inflammation of the bladder
What is inflammation of the fallopian tubes?
Salpingitis
What is an overgrowth of one type of microbe over another in the vagina; marked by a lack of lactobacilli bacteria in the vagina?
Vaginosis
What is the etiological agent chancroid?
Haemophilus ducreyi
Which stage of syphilis can be fatal?
Tertiary stage
1. What is the most common test used to detect a UTI?
2. What enzyme are they looking for?
1. Urine dipstick test
2. An enzyme called leukocyte esterase
Which bacterial species is the leading cause of UTIs in sexually active women who are 16 to 25 years old?
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
What is the most dangerous form of neonatal herpes?
Disseminated infections
What is the etiological agent of genital herpes?
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2)
What is the medical term for a vaginal yeast infection?
Vulvovaginal candidiasis
Besides pain, itching, and burning sensations, what is the characteristic sign of a vaginal yeast infection?
“Cottage cheese” discharge
What are the organs of the urinary system?
Two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, and the urethra
What bacterial species is the most common cause of UTIs?
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC)
What are congenital defects?
Physical and/or developmental abnormalities present from birth
Which microbe is the most common cause of fungal related UTIs?
Candida species (yeast), C. albicans
What does CAUTI stand for?
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections
When discussing chlamydia infections, which biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis is referred to?
Chlamydia trachomatis of the trachoma biovar (C. trachomatis trachoma)
1. What is the etiological agent syphilis?
2. What is its shape, and Gram-stain result?
1. Treponema pallidum
2. Gram-negative spirochete
What are 2 ways that HSV-2 is transferred from mother to baby?
1. 90% of cases is transferred during delivery
2. 10% is transferred across the placenta
What are the pathogens that are included in the “O” of TORCH?
HIV, syphilis, parvovirus B19, listeriosis, varicella-zoster virus, coxsackievirus, enteroviruses, and most recently, Zika virus
What is a chancre?
An ulcer-like lesion that is often on the genitalia, but could develop elsewhere, mainly associated with syphilis
What is the most common sign of a viral UTI?
Sudden onset of hemorrhagic cystitis (bladder inflammation that is hallmarked by bleeding)
In general, what bacterial genus is most prevalent in the vaginal microbiome?
Lactobacillus genus, with L. iners, L. crispatus, L. gasseri, and L. jensenii species being the most prevalent
Chlamydia trachomatis can live in two different forms in host cells. Which form is infectious, and which form is noninfectious?
1. One form of the bacterium, the elementary body, is infectious but dormant
2. Another form is noninfectious but metabolically active and called a reticulate body
1. What is the etiological agent of gonorrhea?
2. What is its shape, orientation, and Gram-stain result?
1. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
2. Gram-negative, intracellular diplococcus
What is the difference between uncomplicated and complicated UTIs?
Uncomplicated UTI - occurs in otherwise healthy individuals with normal urinary tract structure; tends to resolve quickly, without recurrence, using first-line drugs
Complicated UTI - usually occurs in people with catheters, urinary tract malformations/obstructions, or immune-compromised people; may not respond to first-line drug therapies, and tends to recur
1. According to the CDC, which virus causes the most common STI in the world?
2. And it causes 90% of which type of cancer?
1. Human papilloma viruses (HPVs)
2. Cervical cancer
What are the characteristic signs of the primary, secondary, and tertiary stages of syphilis?
Primary stage – Chancre appearing at the initial infection site
Secondary stage – Disseminated rash
Tertiary stage – Gumma lesions on the skin and bones
What is Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)?
Aka (Benign prostatic hyperplasia)
A noncancerous enlargement of the prostate; as the prostate enlarges it may constrict the urethra and make it difficult to fully void the bladder; BPH develops in about half of all men by age 50 and is almost universally present in men over age 75
In general, what is TORCH?
(Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus; cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex viruses) Pathogens that can be vertically transmitted to a developing fetus and cause congenital defects.
How is vaginosis usually diagnosed? List the four evaluated criteria
1. Vaginal discharge has a greyish-white coloration and uniform texture (exact color and amount may vary)
2. An increase in vaginal pH above 4.5
3. Presence of “clue cells,” which are epithelial cells with bacteria attached
4. A positive whiff test: after potassium hydroxide is added to a vaginal mucus smear, volatile amines develop and can be detected as a fishy odor
Which individuals mainly contract viral UTIs?
Bone marrow transplant patients, people who are undergoing chemotherapy for blood cancers like leukemia or lymphoma, and organ transplant patients