the Scientific Revolution
What inventions sparked the beginning of the Scientific Revolution? (3)
The invention of the microscope, the telescope, the printing press
How did Locke believe people were born? (bonus if you remember the Latin name)
As a blank slate, tabula rasa
Who are three Enlightened Absolute rulers from this chapter?
Frederick II, Joseph II, and Catherine the Great
Why were novels on the rise?
Emergence of the new reading public made up of the middle class
What caused the War of Austrian Succession?
Describe the Ptolemaic view of the universe
The universe is a series of concentric spheres, Earth-centered; a system of planetary motion in which the sun, moon, and other planets revolve around the Earth
What effect did Newton's ideas about natural laws have on philosophes?
They believe that natural laws governed how people interacted & society functioned, they searched to discover what these laws were
Was Joseph II an Enlightened Absolute ruler? Was his rule successful?
Yes, but his rule failed because he isolated the Catholic Church & his nobles
The concept that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will and all individuals should be forced to abide by it since it represents what is best for the entire community
What is a social contract
Who became the greatest colonial power with the Treaty of Paris?
Great Britain
Describe Copernicus method of looking at the universe
Sun-centered; the system of the universe in which the Earth and planets revolve around the sun
What was Voltaire's belief about God?
Deism, a philosophy that God created the universe but does not interfere with day to day events
Who said "Here lies Joseph II who was unfortunate in all his enterprises"
Joseph II
In what way did Wollstonecraft say that men's rule over women in society was similar to that of a monarch
Both were arbitrary, each group has to obey the other for no good reason
How did rivalries in Europe change during the War of Austrian succession & the Seven Years' War?
War of Austrian Succession: Prussia & France vs. Great Britain and Austria
Seven Years' War: France, Austria, & Russia vs. Great Britain & Prussia
What is rationalism?
A system of thought expounded by Rene Descartes based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge
How was Diderot different from other Enlightenment philosophes?
He did not develop new ideas, his Encyclopedia helped spread others ideas
What reform did Catherine the Great consider putting into effect?
A code of law that would make all people equal under the law
An artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730s; it was highly secular, emphasizing grace, charm, and gentle action
Rococo
In what 3 areas of the world was the War of Austrian Succession fought?
Silesia, India, and the fortress of Louisbourg
List the steps of the Scientific Revolution (4)
1. observe some natural event
2. form a hypothesis, or possible explanation
3. Perform experiments
4. Analyze and draw conclusions from the results
What 3 roles did Adam Smith believe the government needed to perform?
1. Should protect society from invasion
2. The government should defend citizens from injustice
3. Keep up public works that are necessary for social interaction & trade
List Enlightened changes that Frederick II made vs. not Enlightened
Enlightened: abolished torture, limited freedom of speech & press, greater religious toleration
Not Enlightened: built up the Prussian army, strictly watched bureaucracy, kept serfdom & a rigid social structure
Describe salons & coffehouses
Salon: the elegant urban drawing rooms where, in the eighteenth century writers, artists etc. gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophes
Coffeehouse: a place to get a cheap/free newspaper & exchange ideas
Where did the greatest conflict of the Seven Years' War take place?
North America