The Scientific Revolution
This ancient astronomer was considered the greatest of antiquity.
Who is Ptolemy?
What 18th-century movement was made up of intellectuals inspired by the Scientific Revolution?
The Enlightenment
What rights did Enlightenment thinkers believe all people should have, including freedom of the press and equality before the law?
Natural rights
What 1688 event led to a Bill of Rights that affirmed Parliament’s right to make laws?
The Glorious Revolution
What French word, meaning “philosopher,” was used to describe Enlightenment intellectuals who aimed to reform society?
Philosophe
n the medieval model of the universe, what was located at the center sphere?
Earth
What key idea did Enlightenment thinkers emphasize when applying the scientific method to understanding life?
Reason
What type of government system combined Enlightenment ideas with absolute monarchy?
Enlightened absolutism
What act passed in 1765 required printed materials in the colonies to carry a tax stamp?
The Stamp Act
Which female thinker argued that the power of men over women was just as wrong as the arbitrary power of monarchs over subjects?
Mary Wollstonecraft
What was the name of the 10th sphere that gave motion to all the others?
The “prime mover”
Who argued that every person is born with a blank mind?
John Locke
Which Prussian ruler doubled the size of the army by the end of his reign in 1740?
Frederick William I
What meeting in 1774 brought colonial representatives together in Philadelphia to respond to British actions?
The First Continental Congress
What event in 1707 created the United Kingdom of Great Britain by uniting England and Scotland?
The Union of England and Scotland
Who published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres in 1543 and proposed a sun-centered universe?
Nicolaus Copernicus
What economic idea states that the government should leave the economy alone and let people pursue their own self-interest?
Laissez-faire
Which Austrian ruler attempted reforms such as equality before the law and religious changes but ultimately failed?
Joseph II
What pamphlet published in 1776 helped convince many colonists to support independence?
Common Sense (by Thomas Paine)
Which Prussian king, ruling from 1740–1786, abolished torture (except for treason and murder) and was one of the best-educated monarchs of his time?
Frederick II (Frederick the Great)
Which scientist used detailed astronomical data to create laws of planetary motion that confirmed the sun-centered universe?
Johannes Kepler
Which Enlightenment thinker introduced the idea of the social contract, where society agrees to be governed by its general will?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
What war (1740–1748) was fought over the Austrian throne and involved Europe, Asia, and North America?
The War of the Austrian Succession
What document, approved on July 4, 1776, declared independence and promoted ideas like equality, human rights, and popular sovereignty?
The Declaration of Independence
Which European monarch ruled Russia from 1762–1796 and enacted some enlightened reforms while maintaining her power?
Catherine the Great