Cardiovascular Dysfunction
What are the two main types of cardiovascular dysfunction in children?
Congenital heart disease (CHD) and acquired cardiac disorders.
What percentage of live births are affected by congenital heart disease (CHD)?
5 to 8 per 1,000 live births.
What is the basic pathophysiology of congestive heart failure (CHF)?
The heart cannot meet the body's demand for oxygen and nutrients due to inadequate circulation.
What is infective endocarditis, and what increases a child's risk for it?
It is an infection of the inner lining of the heart, and children with congenital heart defects are at higher risk.
True or False: Nurses play a crucial role in educating and supporting families with children diagnosed with congenital heart disease.
True.
Name one potential factor contributing to cardiovascular dysfunction in children.
Infection, autoimmune response, environmental factors, or familial tendencies.
What are the four classifications of congenital heart defects based on altered hemodynamics?
Defects with increased pulmonary blood flow, obstructive defects, defects with decreased pulmonary blood flow, and mixed defects.
What are the two sides of heart failure, and which systems do they affect?
Right-sided heart failure affects the lungs (pulmonary system), and left-sided heart failure affects the systemic circulation.
What is the main cause of rheumatic fever?
An abnormal immune response to group A streptococcal infection (GAS).
Name one preoperative nursing responsibility when preparing a child for an invasive cardiovascular procedure.
Explaining expectations, ensuring cooperation, or discussing recovery.
During a physical exam for cardiovascular dysfunction, what might a nurse observe in terms of inspection?
Cyanosis, failure to thrive (FTT), chest deformities, shortness of breath (SOB), or pulse issues.
What causes congenital heart disease (CHD) in most cases?
The cause is often unknown, but it is likely multifactorial, involving genetics and environmental factors.
What is one clinical manifestation of congestive heart failure in children?
Poor feeding, activity intolerance, shortness of breath, or abnormal heart rate and blood pressure.
What are the Jones criteria used to diagnose?
Rheumatic fever.
What is the primary focus of postoperative nursing care for a child after cardiovascular surgery?
Monitoring vital signs, maintaining respiratory status, and ensuring rest and comfort.
What is one diagnostic evaluation tool used to assess cardiovascular dysfunction in children?
Echocardiogram, chest X-ray, Holter monitoring, fetal imaging, or cardiac catheterization.
What is the condition called when a circulatory challenge at birth is unsuccessful, resulting in cardiovascular dysfunction?
Failure of post-birth circulatory adaptation to extrauterine life.
Name one goal of therapeutic management for a child with congestive heart failure.
Improve cardiac function, remove accumulated fluid and sodium, decrease cardiac demands, or improve tissue oxygenation/perfusion.
What is Kawasaki disease, and what percentage of cases affect children under 5 years old?
A disease that can cause coronary artery dilation and aneurysm, affecting 76% of children under 5.
What should a nurse monitor closely in children with long-term hypoxemia due to congenital heart defects?
Polycythemia (increased red blood cell count) and clubbing.
After birth, what circulatory change happens when the ductus arteriosus begins to close?
It becomes the ligamentum arteriosus due to increased oxygen levels.
Name a congenital heart defect that presents with decreased pulmonary blood flow.
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF).
How can a nurse assist in managing fluid overload in a child with congestive heart failure?
Administer diuretics, monitor fluid intake/output, and reduce sodium in the diet.
What is the therapeutic management for Kawasaki disease?
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), NSAIDs (historically aspirin), and long-term follow-up with a cardiologist.
What is a hypercyanotic "Tet" or "blue" spell, and how should it be managed?
It occurs when oxygen needs increase due to stress or activity, and should be managed by providing rest and minimizing hypoxia.