A
What enzyme is secreted from glands present at the posterior part of the tongue which starts digestion of lipids in the mouth?
Lingual lipase
Which two molecules are present in saliva and function to control populations of oral bacteria?
Lysozyme & IgA antibodies
What are the cycles of contraction that churn and fragment the bolus, mixing the contents with intestinal secretions?
Segmentation
What is the main salivary gland that is infected by the mumps virus?
Parotid glands
What is an inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity?
Peritonitis
Which part of the digestive system is shared with the respiratory system?
Pharynx
What are stellate phagocytic liver cells called?
Kupffer
What 3 vitamins are produced by the gut microbiome?
Vitamin K, Biotin, & Vitamin B5
What region of the stomach is located between the body region and the duodenum?
Pyloric part
Which cells in the liver act as antigen presenting cells?
Stellate macrophages
What cells in gastric pits of the pyloric antrum produce the hormone gastrin?
Enteroendocrine G cells
What is the resulting condition of prolonged gastritis that lead to an erosion of the stomach or duodenal lining?
Peptic ulcers
What two types of gastric cells produce gastric juice?
Parietal cells & Chief cells
What converts pepsinogen to pepsin?
Acid in the gastric lumen
1. Which hormone initiates hunger?
2. Which one induces satiety?
1. Ghrelin
2. Leptin
What is chyme?
Partially digested food mixed with acidic secretions of stomach
What are 4 types of teeth found in the human body?
Incisor, Canine, Premolar teeth, & Molar teeth
What is the name of the sphincter that prevents stomach contents from backflowing into the esophagus?
Lower esophageal sphincter
Which 3 enzymes produced by the pancreas break peptide bonds in the intestines?
Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, & Elastase
Which major part of the large intestine has haustra and what is the function of haustra?
The colon, Haustra permits the colon to expand and elongate
1. In the liver, what is a toxic byproduct of amino acid metabolism?
2. What harmless molecule is it converted to then removed from the body?
1. Ammonia
2. Urea
What are deciduous teeth?
Deciduous teeth are also called primary teeth, milk teeth, or baby teeth
What are brush border enzymes and where are they found?
Integral membrane proteins found on the surfaces of intestinal microvilli
What is dentin?
Mineralized matrix in teeth similar to that of bone, but does not contain cells
What fluid separates the visceral peritoneum (serosa) from the parietal peritoneum and what is its function?
Peritoneal fluid – it lubricates surfaces & reduces friction and irritation
Which salivary glands produce salivary amylase and what is the function of this enzyme?
Parotid glands, salivary amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starches
The esophageal mucosa and submucosa are packed into large folds that extend its length. What do the folds allow for?
Allow for expansion during the passage of a large bolus
What is the function of the water and ions primarily secreted by the cells lining the pancreatic ducts?
Help dilute and neutralize acid in the chyme
What is the uvula?
Dangling process at the posterior margin of the soft palate that prevents food from entering the pharynx too soon
What is the structure of the mesenteries?
Double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend portions of digestive tract within the peritoneal cavity
What is the function of the extra layers of smooth muscle in the stomach?
To strengthen the stomach wall & to assist in the mixing and churning essential to the formation of chyme
What are 3 brush border enzymes and what are their functions?
- Maltase digests maltose into glucose
- Sucrase digests sucrose into glucose and fructose
- Lactase digests lactose into glucose and galactose
What is the lingual frenulum?
A thin fold of mucous membrane that connects the body of the tongue to the mucosa covering the floor of the oral cavity, it also prevents the tongue from readily being swallowed or blocking the pharynx
What are the four regions of the stomach?
Cardia – around the junction with the esophagus; abundant mucous glands
Fundus – superior to junction of stomach and esophagus and contacts the diaphragm
Body – largest central region; mixing tank for ingested food and secretions
Pyloric part – between the body and the duodenum
Duodenal submucosal glands produce large amounts of mucus when chyme arrives from the stomach. What are 2 functions of mucus?
The mucus protects the epithelium from the acidity of chyme and contains bicarbonate ions that help raise the pH of the chyme