A
What is the medical term for urination?
Micturition
What are the functional units of the kidneys called?
Nephrons
What is the discharge of wastes from the body?
Elimination
What is a knot of capillaries that projects into the enlarged, proximal end of a nephron, which is also the site of filtration and the first step in the production of urine?
Glomerulus
What are the paired tubes which takes the urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder?
Ureters
Juxtaglomerular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex secrete which hormone?
Renin
What is an inflammation of the glomeruli that impairs filtration in the kidneys?
Glomerulonephritis
What type of capillaries are glomerular capillaries?
Fenestrated capillaries
What endocrine gland sits on top of each kidney?
Adrenal glands
What is the amount of filtrate the kidneys produce per minute?
Gomerular Filtration Rate
What condition can occur if the kidney’s suspensory fibers break or become detached?
Floating Kidney
Which vessels deliver blood directly to capillaries supplying individual nephrons?
Afferent arterioles
What is the primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
Reabsorption of critical ions
In which part of the nephron does filtration take place?
Renal corpuscle
A BUN test measures the amount of urea in blood. What does the acronym BUN stand for?
Blood Urea Nitrogen
What region of the kidney is most of the renal tubule found in juxtamedullary nephrons?
Renal pyramids of the medulla
What are 2 names given to the cup-shaped chamber that is part of the renal corpuscle?
Bowman’s capsule/Glomerular capsule
What are 3 important wastes produced during metabolism?
Urea, Creatinine, & Uric acid
The collecting system is important in controlling the pH of body fluids through the secretion or reabsorption of which two ions?
Hydrogen ions & Bicarbonate ions
What region of the kidney is most of the renal tubule found in cortical nephrons?
The superficial cortex of the kidney
What are 3 distinct processes that form urine in the kidney?
Filtration, Reabsorption, & Secretion
What are the organs of the urinary system?
Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, & Urethra
What is the function of intercalated cells of the collecting duct?
It regulates the acid–base balance in the blood
What is nephrolithiasis?
The formation of calculi or kidney stones
The juxtaglomerular complex contains a structure called the macula densa. The cells of the macula densa act like what 2 types of receptors?
They function as either chemoreceptors or baroreceptors
Which four nutrients are not detected or are detected in very small amounts (<0.2 mg/dL) in urine from a healthy adult?
Glucose, Lipids, Amino acids, & Proteins
What do baroreceptors monitor?
Blood pressure in the afferent arteriole
What is urinalysis?
Chemical and physical analysis of a urine sample
What is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?
To reabsorb water and selected ions, as well as active secretion of undesirable substances
What is a pyelogram?
Image of urinary system obtained by taking an X-ray after radiopaque dye has been administered intravenously
What is net filtration pressure (NFP)?
The pressure that drives filtration and is the difference between the NHP and the BCOP
Where are the kidneys positioned in the body?
The kidneys are located on either side of the vertebral column, between vertebrae T12 and L3
What occurs during secretion?
When a substance is secreted, it enters the tubular fluid from the blood
What causes capsular hydrostatic pressure?
The resistance to flow along the nephron and the conducting system
What is renal threshold?
Plasma concentration at which a specific compound or ion begins to appear in the urine