A
What fluid makes up the ICF?
Cytosol
Which acid/base imbalance is caused by chronic diarrhea or glomerulonephritis?
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) imbalance
What are ions released through dissociation of inorganic compounds?
Electrolytes
The release of natriuretic peptides reduces thirst and blocks the release of ADH and aldosterone. What is the result?
Diuresis
What is the movement of too much water from plasma into interstitial fluid which results in swelling?
Edema
Imbalances in which electrolyte are less common, but more dangerous?
Potassium (K+)
Severe cardiac arrhythmias and muscle spasms are caused by which disorder?
Hyperkalemia
What is the evaporation of water across the epithelia of the skin and lungs?
Insensible Perspiration
What is the normal pH range of the ECF?
7.35 – 7.45
What is evaporation due to the secretory activities of the sweat glands?
Sensible Perspiration
Which acid/base imbalance is caused by alkaline tide?
Metabolic Alkalosis
Which corticosteroid hormone is secreted in response to increased potassium ions or decreased sodium ions in blood that reaches the adrenal cortex, and also regulates sodium & water balance by signaling sodium reabsorption by the kidney?
Aldosterone
What blood pH is considered a state of acidosis?
pH below 7.35
Which general category of acids in the body affects blood pH?
Volatile acids
Which buffer system’s primary role is to prevent pH changes in the ECF caused by metabolic and fixed acids?
Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer system
What are 3 principal ions found in the ECF?
Sodium, Chloride, & Bicarbonate ions
What step in aerobic glucose metabolism generates water within the cells?
Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria
Which pituitary hormone promotes water retention by the kidney?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What are 3 principal ions found in the ICF?
Potassium, Magnesium, & Phosphate ions
1. What is the principal cation in the ECF?
2. What is the principal cation in the ICF?
1. Sodium
2. Potassium
Which acid spontaneously forms from carbon dioxide and water?
Carbonic acid which is a type of volatile acid
What 2 main fluids make up the ECF?
Interstitial fluid of peripheral tissues & the plasma of circulating blood
What is diuresis?
Fluid loss by the kidneys; the production of unusually large volumes of urine
What is fluid shift?
Rapid water movements between ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient
Which 2 major buffer systems buffer the ECF?
Protein Buffer Systems & Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer system
No receptors directly monitor fluid or electrolyte balance. What 2 parameters are monitored by receptors?
Plasma volume & Osmotic concentration
1. What is hyperkalemia?
2. What is hypokalemia?
1. Hyperkalemia – Elevated level of K+ in bloodstream
2. Hypokalemia – Deficiency of K+ in bloodstream
What is respiratory compensation?
A change in the respiratory rate that helps stabilize the pH of the ECF
What are the aging effects on ADH and aldosterone? What is the result of this?
A reduction in ADH and aldosterone sensitivity makes older people less able than younger people to conserve body water when losses exceed gains
What is hypocapnia?
An abnormally low blood partial pressure of carbon dioxide; commonly results from hyperventilation
What 2 important effects occur when ADH release is increased?
1. It stimulates water conservation by the kidneys, reducing urinary water losses and concentrating the urine.
2. It stimulates the hypothalamic thirst center, promoting the intake of fluids.
Which two hormones are released from cardiac cell walls in response to stretching (ie: increased blood volume)?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) & B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
What is renal compensation?
A change in the rates of H+ and HCO3− secretion or reabsorption by the kidneys in response to changes in plasma pH
What is hypercapnia?
High blood carbon dioxide concentrations, commonly resulting from hypoventilation or inadequate tissue perfusion
What is a buffer and what is its function?
A buffer is a dissolved compound that stabilizes the pH of a solution by adding or removing H+