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100

What is a cell?

cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all living organisms. ("building blocks of life")

100

What is a concentration gradient?

A difference in the concentration of a substance across a space.

100

  1. What is tonicity? What are the three types of solutions we can have within the body?

Tonicity- The ability of a solution to affect the movement of water in or out of a cell.

Three Types 

  1. Isotonic: Equal concentration of solutes; no net movement of water.
  2. Hypotonic: Lower solute concentration; water moves into the cell, causing it to swell.
  3. Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration; water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink.
100

What is DNA replication?

The process of copying DNA, occurs in the nucleus.

100

What are the steps of Mitosis?

  • Prophase: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nuclear envelope breaks down.
  • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell’s equatorial plane.
  • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
  • Telophase: Nuclear envelopes reform, and chromosomes de-condense
200

three major parts of a cell

Plasma membrane

Nucleus

cytoplasm



200

What does “down a concentration gradient” mean? “Up”?



Down- Movement from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration (diffusion) 

Up- Movement from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration (requiring energy) 

200

What is the cytosol? What happens here?

The cytosol is the liquid component of the cytoplasm, where many metabolic reactions occur and organelles are suspended.

200

What is transcription?

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template, occurs in the nucleus.

200

  1. What is Cellular Respiration? What is needed? What is made as a result? 



  • Definition: A series of metabolic processes that convert glucose into ATP.
  • Needed: Glucose, oxygen.
  • Made: ATP, carbon dioxide, and water as byproducts.
300

What is plasma membrane and its fuction?

made up of phospholipid with proteins, cholesterol and carbs

Acts as a barrier that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell, thus maintaining homeostasis

300

What are the differences between active and passive transport mechanisms?

  • Passive Transport: Does not require energy; substances move down their concentration gradient (diffusion, osmosis).
  • Active Transport: Requires energy (usually in the form of ATP) to move substances against their concentration gradient.
300

What are organelles?

Organelles are specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct processes. 


300

What is translation?

The process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA at ribosomes, occurs in the cytoplasm.

400

What are the proteins present in the plasma membrane and what are their functions

  • Integral Proteins: Span the membrane and are involved in transport and signaling.
  • Peripheral Proteins: Loosely attached to the outer or inner surface, involved in signaling and maintaining the cell’s shape.
400

What are the 3 types of passive processes and how do they work? What are substances that can be transported via passive processes

  • Simple Diffusion: Movement of small, nonpolar molecules (like O₂ and CO₂) directly through the lipid bilayer.
  • Facilitated Diffusion: Movement of larger or polar molecules (like glucose) through channel or carrier proteins.
  • Osmosis: Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

Gases (O₂, CO₂), water, and small nonpolar molecules

400

  1. Define organelles


    1. Ribosome

    2. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

    3.  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

    4. Golgi Apparatus    

    5. Lysosome

    6. Peroxisomes

    7. Mitochondria

  • Ribosome: Site of protein synthesis.
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
  • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Studded with ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis and processing.
  • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
  • Lysosome: Contains enzymes for digestion of waste materials and cellular debris.
  • Peroxisomes: Involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification.
  • Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell; site of ATP production through cellular respiration
400

What is the difference between a codon and an anti-codon?

  • Codon: A sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that specifies an amino acid.
  • Anti-codon: A sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that pairs with the codon on mRNA during translation.
500

What do we mean by selectively permeable?

plasma membrane’s ability to allow certain substances to pass while restricting others, ensuring that essential molecules enter and waste products exit the cell.

500

What are the types of active processes and how do they work? What are substances that can be transported via active processes?

  • Primary Active Transport: Direct use of ATP to transport substances (e.g., sodium-potassium pump).
  • Secondary Active Transport: Uses the energy from primary active transport to move other substances (e.g., glucose transport).


Ions (like Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺) and larger molecules (like glucose) 

500

What is the nucleus? What is its structure? Function?

  • Structure: Enclosed by a nuclear envelope and contains chromatin (DNA) and nucleoplasm.
  • Function: Stores genetic information and coordinates cell activities like growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
500

What is Mitosis?

Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells

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